Adjective(বিশেষণ)
Adjective (বিশেষণ)হৈছে সেই শব্দ যি কোনোNoun (বিশেষ্য)বাPronoun (সৰ্বনাম)ৰ গুণ, দোষ, সংখ্যা, পৰিমাণ, অৱস্থা আদি বুজায়।
সহজ ভাষাত —
যি শব্দে কিবা বা কাৰোবাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য দিয়ে, তাক Adjective বা বিশেষণ বোলে।
Examples (উদাহৰণ)
- Ram is a good boy.
→ ইয়াতgoodশব্দটোৱে Ram কেনেকুৱা তাক বুজাইছে।
→ সেয়ে “good” হৈছে Adjective। - I have three books.
→ “three” এ books ৰ সংখ্যা বুজাইছে।
→ সেয়ে ইও Adjective। - This is a beautiful flower.
→ “beautiful” এ flower ৰ গুণ বুজাইছে।
বিশেষণৰ প্ৰকাৰ (Kinds of Adjectives)
Class VII ত সাধাৰণতে এই কেইটা প্ৰকাৰ পঢ়োৱা হয়—
- Adjective of Quality
- Adjective of Quantity
- Adjective of Number
- Demonstrative Adjective
- Possessive Adjective
- Interrogative Adjective
1. Adjective of Quality (গুণবাচক বিশেষণ)
যি Adjective এ ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ গুণ, দোষ বা অৱস্থা বুজায় তাক Adjective of Quality বোলে।
Examples
- He is a brave boy.
- It is a sweet mango.
- She has a kind heart.
কিছুমান সাধাৰণ Quality Adjectives
| Adjective | Assamese Meaning |
| good | ভাল |
| bad | বেয়া |
| beautiful | ধুনীয়া |
| honest | সৎ |
| brave | সাহসী |
| clever | বুদ্ধিমান |
| lazy | অলস |
2. Adjective of Quantity (পৰিমাণবাচক বিশেষণ)
যি Adjective এ কোনো বস্তুৰ পৰিমাণ বুজায় কিন্তু সঠিক সংখ্যা নুবুজায় তাক Adjective of Quantity বোলে।
Examples
- I have some water.
- There is little milk in the glass.
- He has enough money.
মনত ৰাখিবা
এনে শব্দে “কিমান” বুজায় কিন্তু সঠিক সংখ্যা নকয়।
3. Adjective of Number (সংখ্যাবাচক বিশেষণ)
যি Adjective এ সংখ্যা বা কিমানটা বুজায় তাক Adjective of Number বোলে।
Examples
- I have two pens.
- Many students were absent.
- He is the first boy in the class.
Types of Adjective of Number
(a) Definite Number
সঠিক সংখ্যা বুজায়।
Examples:
- one
- two
- three
(b) Indefinite Number
সঠিক সংখ্যা নুবুজায়।
Examples:
- many
- few
- several
(c) Ordinal Number
স্থান বা ক্ৰম বুজায়।
Examples:
- first
- second
- third
4. Demonstrative Adjective (ইংগিতবাচক বিশেষণ)
যি Adjective এ কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তু দেখুৱায় বা চিনাক্ত কৰে তাক Demonstrative Adjective বোলে।
Examples
- This book is mine.
- That boy is my friend.
- These mangoes are sweet.
- Those stars are bright.
5. Possessive Adjective (অধিকাৰবাচক বিশেষণ)
যি Adjective এ অধিকাৰ বা মালিকী বুজায় তাক Possessive Adjective বোলে।
Examples
- This is my pen.
- Your bag is new.
- Their house is big.
Possessive Adjectives List
| Word | Meaning |
| my | মোৰ |
| our | আমাৰ |
| your | তোমাৰ/আপোনাৰ |
| his | তাৰ (ল’ৰা) |
| her | তাইৰ |
| their | তেওঁলোকৰ |
6. Interrogative Adjective (প্ৰশ্নবাচক বিশেষণ)
যি Adjective এ প্ৰশ্ন সোধে তাক Interrogative Adjective বোলে।
Examples
- Which book do you want?
- What subject do you like?
- Whose pen is this?
Position of Adjective (বিশেষণৰ স্থান)
সাধাৰণতে Adjective, Noun ৰ আগত বহে।
Examples
- a beautiful flower
- a good boy
কেতিয়াবা Verb ৰ পিছতো আহে।
Examples
- The flower is beautiful.
- The boy is honest.
Degrees of Comparison (তুলনাৰ মাত্রা)
Adjective ৰ তিনিটা Degree থাকে—
- Positive Degree
- Comparative Degree
- Superlative Degree
1. Positive Degree
সাধাৰণ অৱস্থা বুজায়।
Example:
- Ram is tall.
2. Comparative Degree
দুজন বা দুটা বস্তুৰ তুলনা কৰে।
Example:
- Ram is taller than Shyam.
3. Superlative Degree
সকলোতকৈ বেছি গুণ বুজায়।
Example:
- Ram is the tallest boy in the class.
Degree Table
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| tall | taller | tallest |
| big | bigger | biggest |
| small | smaller | smallest |
| good | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
| beautiful | more beautiful | most beautiful |
Important Rules
Rule 1
সাধাৰণতে Comparative ত “than” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Example:
- Ravi is taller than Hari.
Rule 2
Superlative ৰ আগত “the” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Example:
- He is the best player.
Exercise
Identify the Adjectives
- He is a clever boy.
- I have two pens.
- This flower is beautiful.
- There is little water in the bottle.
- Which book do you want?
Fill in the Blanks
- Sita is a ______ girl. (beautiful)
- I have ______ apples. (three)
- This is ______ bag. (my)
- He is the ______ boy in the class. (tall)
- There is ______ milk in the cup. (little)
Short Notes
Difference between Adjective and Adverb
| Adjective | Adverb |
| modifies Noun/Pronoun | modifies Verb |
| He is a slow boy. | He walks slowly. |
Conclusion
Adjective বা বিশেষণ বাক্যক অধিক সুন্দর আৰু স্পষ্ট কৰে। ই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা স্থানৰ গুণ, সংখ্যা, পৰিমাণ, অধিকাৰ আদি বুজায়। ইংৰাজী ব্যাকৰণ ভালদৰে শিকিবলৈ Adjective খুবেই গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ।
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Amplification
গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিষয়। ইয়াৰ অৰ্থ হ’ল কোনো এটা চুটি বাক্য বা কবিতাৰ ফাঁকিৰ অন্তৰ্নিহিত তাৎপৰ্যটোক বহলাই লিখা।
তলত ভাৱ-সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কেনেকৈ কৰিব লাগে তাৰ নিয়ম আৰু কিছুমান গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উদাহৰণ দিয়া হ’ল:
ভাৱ-সম্প্ৰসাৰণ কৰাৰ নিয়ম (How to write):
১.মূল ভাবটো বুজি লোৱা:যিটো বাক্য দিয়া হ’ব, তাৰ প্ৰকৃত অৰ্থটো প্ৰথমে বুজি ল’ব লাগে।২.পৰিচয় (Introduction):বাক্যশাৰীয়ে বা কবিগৰাকীয়ে কি ক’ব বিচাৰিছে তাৰ এটা চমু আভাস দিব লাগে।৩.ব্যাখ্যা (Explanation):ইয়াৰ মূল অংশত বিষয়টো উদাহৰণ দি বহলাই লিখিব লাগে। ইয়াত কেতিয়াবা সমাজৰ বাস্তব ঘটনা বা মহৎ লোকৰ কথা উল্লেখ কৰিব পাৰি।৪.উপসংহাৰ (Conclusion):শেষত এটা সাৰাংশ দিব লাগে যিয়ে বাক্যটোৰ সত্যতা প্ৰমাণ কৰে।
SEBA-ৰ বাবে কিছুমান অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ Amplification:
১. “A friend in need is a friend indeed.” (বিপদৰ বন্ধুৱেই প্ৰকৃত বন্ধু)
অসমীয়া সাৰাংশ:এই পৃথিৱীত আমাৰ বহুত বন্ধু থাকে, কিন্তু সকলোৱে প্ৰকৃত বন্ধু নহয়। সুখৰ সময়ত আমাৰ লগত বহুত থাকে, কিন্তু বিপদৰ সময়ত যিয়ে নিজৰ স্বাৰ্থ ত্যাগ কৰি আমাক সহায় কৰে, তেওঁহে প্ৰকৃত বন্ধু। এজন বিশ্বাসী বন্ধুৱে আমাক অন্ধকাৰৰ পৰা পোহৰলৈ লৈ আহে। গতিকে আমি বন্ধু নিৰ্বাচন কৰোঁতে সাৱধান হোৱা উচিত।
২. “All that glitters is not gold.” (চকচকীয়া সকলো বস্তুৱেই সোণ নহয়)
অসমীয়া সাৰাংশ:কোনো বস্তুৰ বাহ্যিক ৰূপটো চাই আমি তাৰ গুণ বিচাৰ কৰিব নালাগে। সোণ চাবলৈ উজ্জ্বল, কিন্তু সকলো উজ্জ্বল বস্তুৱেই সোণ নহয়। ঠিক তেনেকৈ মানুহৰ বাহ্যিক সাজ-পাৰ বা ৰূপটোৱেই তেওঁৰ আচল পৰিচয় নহয়। এজন মানুহৰ চৰিত্ৰ আৰু কৰ্মহে আচল কথা। আমি কোনো বস্তু বা মানুহৰ ভিতৰৰ সত্যটো জানিবলৈ চেষ্টা কৰিব লাগে।
৩. “Practice makes a man perfect.” (অভ্যাসে মানুহক নিখুঁত কৰে)
অসমীয়া সাৰাংশ:কোনো এটা কামত সফলতা পাবলৈ হ’লে নিয়মিত অভ্যাসৰ প্ৰয়োজন। পৃথিৱীৰ কোনো লোকেই জন্মগতভাৱে জ্ঞানী নহয়। বাৰে বাৰে চেষ্টা আৰু অভ্যাসৰ দ্বাৰাহে এজন মানুহে নিজৰ দুৰ্বলতাবোৰ আঁতৰাব পাৰে। লাগিলে সেয়া পঢ়া-শুনা হওক বা খেলা-ধূলাই হওক, কঠোৰ পৰিশ্ৰম আৰু অভ্যাসেহে এজন ব্যক্তিক সেই বিষয়ত পাকৈত কৰি তোলে।
৪. “Unity is strength.” (একতাই পৰম বল)
অসমীয়া সাৰাংশ:যদি আমি অকলশৰীয়া হৈ থাকোঁ, আমাক যিকোনো শত্ৰুৱে সহজে পৰাস্ত কৰিব পাৰে। কিন্তু যদি আমি একগোট হৈ থাকোঁ, কোনেও আমাৰ ক্ষতি কৰিব নোৱাৰে। এটা কাঠি সহজে ভাঙিব পাৰি, কিন্তু এমুঠি কাঠি সহজে ভাঙিব নোৱাৰি। সমাজ বা দেশৰ উন্নয়নৰ বাবে একতা অতি প্ৰয়োজন।
ইংৰাজীত কেনেকৈ লিখিব লাগে (Sample in English):
1. Honesty is the Best Policy
Meaning: Being truthful and sincere is always the best way to live, as it leads to a clear conscience and a good reputation.
Amplification: Honesty is a fundamental virtue. A person who is honest may face difficulties in the beginning, but in the long run, they gain the trust and respect of everyone. On the other hand, a dishonest person might get temporary success by lying or cheating, but they live in constant fear of being caught. Honesty builds character and brings inner peace. Whether in studies, work, or relationships, being truthful ensures a dignified and successful life.
2.No Pain, No Gain
Meaning: This proverb means that without hard work, suffering, or making an effort, one cannot achieve anything valuable in life. Success requires sacrifice and struggle.
Amplification: The path to success is never easy. If we want to achieve something great, we must be ready to face difficulties and work tirelessly. For instance, a student cannot secure good marks in the annual examination if they are not willing to sacrifice their sleep and leisure time for studies. Similarly, an athlete cannot win a gold medal without undergoing rigorous and painful training every day.
In nature, even a tiny seed has to break through the hard earth to become a mighty tree. Many people dream of success, but only those who endure “pain”—in the form of discipline, long hours of work, and patience—eventually experience the “gain.” If we avoid challenges out of fear or laziness, we remain stagnant. Therefore, we should embrace struggles as they are the stepping stones to a bright and successful future.
3. Morning Shows the Day
Meaning: This proverb means that the beginning of something often indicates how it will continue or end. Just as the weather in the morning gives a hint about how the rest of the day will be, a person’s childhood qualities often show what they will become as an adult.
Amplification: Our future depends largely on our habits and character formed during our early years. If a child is disciplined, hardworking, and honest, there is a high probability that they will grow up to be a successful and responsible citizen. On the other hand, if a child develops bad habits or remains lazy, their future is likely to be dark and unsuccessful.
History provides many examples of this truth. Great personalities like Mahatma Gandhi or Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar showed signs of greatness, truthfulness, and intelligence even in their childhood. However, it is also important to remember that while the “morning” provides a hint, one can always improve their future through strong willpower and constant effort. In conclusion, we should focus on building a strong foundation in our youth to ensure a bright and successful life ahead.
4. Failure is the pillar of success.
(ব্যৰ্থতাই সফলতাৰ স্তম্ভ)
Amplification: Failure is not the opposite of success; rather, it is a part of the journey toward success. When we fail in a task, we should not be disappointed or give up. Instead, we should analyze why we failed and learn from our mistakes. Each failure teaches us a new lesson and makes us more experienced. If we keep trying with more energy and correction, we will eventually succeed. For example, a child falls many times before he learns to walk. Every great scientist or leader failed many times before they achieved greatness. Thus, failures strengthen our determination and pave the way for final victory.
5. Rome was not built in a day.
(কোনো ডাঙৰ কাম এদিনতে সম্পূৰ্ণ নহয়)
Amplification: Rome was one of the most beautiful and powerful cities in history. It took hundreds of years of hard work and planning to build such a magnificent city. This proverb teaches us that any great achievement requires time, patience, and continuous effort. We cannot expect to become successful or famous overnight. Whether it is learning a new language, building a business, or mastering a craft, it takes long hours of practice. One must work step by step with patience to reach a big goal. Success achieved quickly often disappears quickly, but success built over time lasts forever.
6. Self-Help is the Best Help
Meaning: This proverb means that the help we provide for ourselves is more effective and reliable than the help we receive from others. Dependence on others leads to weakness, while self-reliance leads to strength and success.
Amplification: In life, we often look to others for assistance when we face difficulties. However, depending on others is not always helpful because they may not be available or willing to help us at the right time. When we do our own work, we develop self-confidence, courage, and a sense of responsibility.
God also helps those who help themselves. If a student waits for someone else to explain every lesson or complete their assignments, they will never truly learn. But if they try to solve problems on their own, they gain a deep understanding of the subject. Self-help makes a person independent and prepares them to face the challenges of life with a brave heart. All the great people of the world reached their goals because they believed in their own hard work rather than waiting for others’ help. Therefore, we should always try to be self-reliant.
7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
(বিপদৰ বন্ধুৱেই প্ৰকৃত বন্ধু)
Amplification: Life is a long journey and during this journey, we meet many people. Some become our friends. But all of them are not true friends. Most of the people stay with us only during our good times or when we have wealth. They leave us as soon as we fall into trouble. But a true friend is one who stands by us in our days of sorrow and difficulty. He helps us without any selfish motive. Such a friend is like a blessing. Therefore, the real test of friendship is the time of adversity. A person who helps us when we are in need is a true friend in the real sense of the term.
8. All that glitters is not gold.
(চকচকীয়া সকলো বস্তুৱেই সোণ নহয়)
Amplification: The proverb “All that glitters is not gold” teaches us that outward appearances can often be deceptive. Gold is a very precious metal and it glitters. But there are many other things like glass or polished brass that glitter like gold, but they have no real value. Similarly, in human life, a person may look very handsome, polite, or rich from the outside, but he may be wicked or dishonest from the inside. We should not judge anyone’s character only by their face or clothes. True value lies in the inner quality and character, not in the external show. We must be careful before trusting anything or anyone based only on looks.
9. Industry is the mother of good luck.
(পৰিশ্ৰমেই সৌভাগ্যৰ প্ৰসূতি)
Amplification: Many people believe in luck or fate. They think that if they are lucky, they will succeed without doing anything. But this is a wrong idea. Luck does not come to those who sit idle. Success is the result of hard work and “Industry” means hard work. A hardworking person creates his own luck. History shows that all great men of the world reached the top only through their constant labor and dedication. Even a person with little talent can achieve great things through industry. On the other hand, a talented person will fail if he is lazy. Therefore, we should rely on our hard work rather than waiting for luck.
10. Unity is strength.
(একতাই পৰম বল)
Amplification: Unity is a great power. When people work together for a common goal, they become very strong and hard to defeat. A single stick can be easily broken by anyone, but a bundle of sticks tied together is impossible to break. This shows that if we are divided, we are weak, but if we are united, we are powerful. In a family, a society, or a nation, unity is essential for progress and safety. If the citizens of a country are united, no enemy can harm them. Therefore, we must forget our small differences and live together in unity for the betterment of all.
11. A Stitch in Time Saves Nine
Meaning: Dealing with a problem immediately prevents it from becoming much larger and harder to fix later.
Amplification: This proverb highlights the importance of taking timely action. If a small hole in a garment is stitched as soon as it is noticed, it prevents the entire cloth from tearing further. Similarly, in life, if we ignore small mistakes or problems, they grow into major disasters over time. For example, if a student clears their doubts daily, they won’t face a huge burden during exams. Delaying work only leads to more trouble, so it is always better to act promptly.
12. Knowledge is Power
Meaning: Having information and wisdom gives a person the strength and ability to achieve success and control their circumstances.
Amplification: Knowledge is the most powerful weapon a human being can possess. Unlike physical strength, which fades with time, knowledge grows the more it is shared. It helps us distinguish between right and wrong and enables us to solve complex problems. In the modern world, those who are educated and well-informed rule over others who are ignorant. A knowledgeable person can change their destiny and contribute to the progress of society. Therefore, we should never stop learning.
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Application Writing
Applicationমানে হৈছে কোনো বিষয়ত অনুমতি, ছুটি, সহায় বা অনুৰোধ জনাবলৈ লিখা আনুষ্ঠানিক চিঠি। ইয়াত শিষ্ট ভাষা আৰু সঠিক Format ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে।
Types of Applications
| Type | Assamese Meaning |
| Leave Application | ছুটীৰ আবেদন |
| Application for Fee Concession | মাচুল কমাবলৈ আবেদন |
| Application for Sick Leave | অসুস্থতাৰ বাবে ছুটিৰ আবেদন |
| Application for School Leaving Certificate | স্কুল ত্যাগ প্ৰমাণ পত্ৰৰ আবেদন |
Format of an Application
Application লিখাৰ সঠিক Format বহুত গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ।
Structure of an Application
- To
- The Headmaster/Principal
- School Name
- Date
- Subject
- Salutation (Sir/Madam)
- Body of the Application
- Closing
- Name and Class
Simple Format
To,
The Headmaster/Principal,
School Name
Date:
Subject: ___________
Sir/Madam,
Respectfully I beg to state that …
Therefore, I request you to kindly grant me …
Yours obediently,
Name:
Class:
Roll No:
Important Points
- Use polite language. ( ভদ্ৰ ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবা ।)
- Keep sentences short and clear. (বাক্যবোৰ ছুটি আৰু স্পষ্ট ৰাখিবা ।)
- Write the reason properly. (কাৰণটো সঠিকভাবে লিখিবা ।)
- Use formal language. (আনুষ্ঠানিক শব্ধ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবা ।)
- Do not use slang or informal words. (বেয়া বা অনানুষ্ঠানিক শব্দ ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰিবা )
Example 1: Application for Leave
Application for Sick Leave
To,
The Headmaster,
ABC High School
Date: 10-05-2026
Subject: Prayer for sick leave.
Sir,
Respectfully I beg to state that I am suffering from fever since yesterday. So, I am unable to attend school.
Therefore, I request you to kindly grant me leave for three days.
Yours obediently,
Rahim Ahmed
Class VIII
Roll No. 12
Example 2: Application for Fee Concession
To,
The Principal,
XYZ High School
Date: 12-05-2026
Subject: Prayer for fee concession.
Sir,
Respectfully I beg to state that my father is a poor farmer. He cannot pay my school fees regularly.
Therefore, I request you to kindly grant me full fee concession.
Yours obediently,
Karim Ali
Class VIII
Roll No. 8
Example 3: Application for Leave to Attend Marriage
To,
The Headmaster,
Model High School
Date: 15-05-2026
Subject: Prayer for leave to attend a marriage ceremony.
Sir,
Respectfully I beg to state that I have to attend my elder sister’s marriage ceremony tomorrow.
Therefore, I request you to kindly grant me leave for two days.
Yours obediently,
Raju Das
Class VIII
Roll No. 15
Useful Words for Application Writing
| English | Assamese Meaning |
| Respectfully | সন্মানসহ |
| Request | অনুৰোধ |
| Grant | মঞ্জুৰ কৰা |
| Leave | ছুটি |
| Attend | উপস্থিত থাকা |
| Kindly | দয়া কৰি |
| Obediently | বাধ্যতাপূৰ্বকভাৱে |
Common Subjects for Practice
- Sick Leave
- Leave for Urgent Work
- Fee Concession
- School Leaving Certificate
- Leave to Attend Marriage
- Leave for Flood/Rain Problem
Activity:
1. Write an application to the Head of your school to provide better library facilities to the students.
Ans:-
To,
The Headmaster,
ABC High School
Date: 23-05-2026
Subject: Prayer for better library facilities.
Sir,
Respectfully I beg to state that our school library does not have enough books and proper seating arrangements for the students. Many useful books are old and damaged. Students face difficulties in reading and borrowing books.
Therefore, I request you to kindly provide better library facilities by adding new books, newspapers, magazines and proper seating arrangements for the students.
I shall be highly grateful for your kind action.
Yours obediently,
XYZ
Class VIII
Roll No. 10
2. Write an application to the Principal of your school asking for a half -day leave to attend a puja at home .
Ans:-
To,
The Principal,
ABC High School
Date: 23-05-2026
Subject: Prayer for half-day leave.
Sir,
Respectfully I beg to state that there is a puja ceremony at my home today. I have to attend the ceremony with my family.
Therefore, I request you to kindly grant me half-day leave for today.
I shall be highly grateful for your kindness.
Yours obediently,
XYZ
Class VIII
Roll No. 12
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ARTICLES (A, AN AND THE)
1. What is an Article? (Article কাক বোলে?)
Article হৈছে এক প্ৰকাৰৰ Determiner (নিৰ্ধাৰক শব্দ), যি Noun (বিশেষ্য) ৰ আগত বহি সেই Noun-টোৰ নিৰ্দিষ্টতা বা অনিৰ্দিষ্টতা বুজায়।
ইংৰাজী ভাষাত Article তিনিটা:
- A
- An
- The
A আৰু An-ক Indefinite Articles (অনিৰ্দিষ্ট Article) বোলে আৰু The-ক Definite Article (নিৰ্দিষ্ট Article) বোলে।
Examples:
- I saw a boy. (মই এজন ল’ৰাক দেখিছিলোঁ।)
- She ate an apple. (তাই এটা আপেল খাইছিল।)
- The boy is my brother. (ল’ৰাজন মোৰ ভাই।)
2. Types of Articles (Article-ৰ প্ৰকাৰ)
Articles মূলতঃ দুই প্ৰকাৰৰ।
A. Indefinite Articles (A আৰু An)
A আৰু An ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় যেতিয়া কোনো ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা ঠাইৰ বিষয়ে প্ৰথমবাৰৰ বাবে উল্লেখ কৰা হয় বা নিৰ্দিষ্টকৈ কাকো বুজোৱা নহয়।
A আৰু An-ৰ অৰ্থ সাধাৰণতে এজন, এগৰাকী বা এটা।
Examples:
- He is a teacher. (তেওঁ এজন শিক্ষক।)
- I have an umbrella. (মোৰ এটা ছাতি আছে।)
- She bought a book. (তাই এখন কিতাপ কিনিলে।)
B. Definite Article (The)
The ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় যেতিয়া কোনো ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা ঠাই নিৰ্দিষ্টকৈ বুজোৱা হয়।
Examples:
- The sun rises in the east. (সূৰ্য পূব দিশত উদয় হয়।)
- The book on the table is mine. (মেজৰ ওপৰত থকা কিতাপখন মোৰ।)
- I saw a boy. The boy was crying. (মই এজন ল’ৰাক দেখিছিলোঁ। ল’ৰাজনে কান্দি আছিল।)
মনত ৰাখিবা: প্ৰথমবাৰ উল্লেখ কৰোঁতে সাধাৰণতে A/An আৰু একেটা বস্তুৰ বিষয়ে পুনৰ উল্লেখ কৰোঁতে The ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
3. Use of A and An (A আৰু An-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ)
A আৰু An দুয়োটাই একবচন গণনাযোগ্য Noun (Singular Countable Noun)-ৰ আগত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। কিন্তু কোনটো ব্যৱহাৰ হ’ব সেয়া শব্দটোৰ প্ৰথম আখৰৰ উচ্চাৰণৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে, বানানৰ ওপৰত নহয়।
A. Use of A
যিবোৰ শব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ উচ্চাৰণ ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনি (Consonant Sound), সেইবোৰৰ আগত A ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
Examples:
| Word / Phrase | Assamese Meaning |
| A boy | এজন ল’ৰা |
| A girl | এগৰাকী ছোৱালী |
| A book | এখন কিতাপ |
| A pen | এটা কলম |
| A university | এখন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় |
| A European | এজন ইউৰোপীয় ব্যক্তি |
| A useful book | এখন উপযোগী কিতাপ |
| A one-eyed man | এজন এটা চকু থকা মানুহ |
বিশেষ মন কৰিবলগীয়া কথা:
University, European আৰু Useful শব্দকেইটা Vowel Letter (U, E, U) ৰে আৰম্ভ হৈছে যদিও ইয়াৰ উচ্চাৰণ যথাক্ৰমে /yuː/ ধ্বনিৰে আৰম্ভ হয়। সেয়েহে এইবোৰৰ আগত A ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
B. Use of An
যিবোৰ শব্দৰ আৰম্ভণিৰ উচ্চাৰণ স্বৰধ্বনি (Vowel Sound), সেইবোৰৰ আগত An ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ Vowel Letters হৈছে A, E, I, O, U।
Examples:
| Word / Phrase | Assamese Meaning |
| An apple | এটা আপেল |
| An egg | এটা কণী |
| An inkpot | এটা চিয়াঁহীৰ দোৱাত |
| An orange | এটা কমলা |
| An umbrella | এটা ছাতি |
| An elephant | এটা হাতী |
| An honest man | এজন সৎ মানুহ |
| An hour | এঘণ্টা |
| An M.A. student | এজন M.A. ৰ ছাত্ৰ |
| An intelligent boy | এজন বুদ্ধিমান ল’ৰা |
বিশেষ মন কৰিবলগীয়া কথা:
Honest আৰু Hour শব্দ দুটাত H আখৰটো উচ্চাৰণ নহয়। সেয়েহে An ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
M.A. শব্দটো উচ্চাৰণ কৰোঁতে M-ৰ আৰম্ভণি ধ্বনি /em/ হয়। সেয়েহে An M.A. student শুদ্ধ।
A আৰু An-ৰ পাৰ্থক্য
| A ব্যৱহাৰ হয় | An ব্যৱহাৰ হয় |
| A cat | An ant |
| A dog | An owl |
| A university | An umbrella |
| A European | An engineer |
| A useful thing | An unusual thing |
| A house | An hour |
| A uniform | An honest man |
মনত ৰাখিবা: A আৰু An নিৰ্বাচন কৰোঁতে প্ৰথম আখৰটো Vowel নে Consonant সেয়া নাচাই প্ৰথম ধ্বনিটো Vowel নে Consonant সেয়া চাব লাগে।
4. Uses of A and An (A আৰু An-ৰ বিশেষ ব্যৱহাৰ)
1. To indicate one person or thing (এজন বা এটা বুজাবলৈ)
- I have a pen. (মোৰ এটা কলম আছে।)
- He bought an umbrella. (তেওঁ এটা ছাতি কিনিলে।)
2. Before a profession (পেছা বা বৃত্তি বুজাবলৈ)
- My father is a doctor. (মোৰ দেউতা এজন চিকিৎসক।)
- She is an engineer. (তাই এগৰাকী অভিযন্তা।)
- He is a teacher. (তেওঁ এজন শিক্ষক।)
3. Before a singular countable noun (একবচন গণনাযোগ্য Noun-ৰ আগত)
- This is a chair. (এইখন এখন চকী।)
- She has an orange. (তাইৰ এটা কমলা আছে।)
4. To express a rate or frequency (হাৰ বা পৰিমাণ বুজাবলৈ)
- I go to school five days a week. (মই সপ্তাহত পাঁচ দিন বিদ্যালয়লৈ যাওঁ।)
- He earns ₹500 a day. (তেওঁ দিনটোত ৫০০ টকা উপাৰ্জন কৰে।)
- This car runs 60 kilometres an hour. (এই গাড়ীখনে ঘণ্টাত ৬০ কিলোমিটাৰ যায়।)
5. Before a word indicating an example of a class (এটা শ্ৰেণীৰ যিকোনো এজন বা এটা বুজাবলৈ)
- A cow is a useful animal. (গৰু এবিধ উপকাৰী জন্তু।)
- An elephant is a large animal. (হাতী এবিধ ডাঙৰ জন্তু।)
6. In exclamatory sentences (বিস্ময়সূচক বাক্যত)
What-ৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা বিস্ময়সূচক বাক্যত একবচন গণনাযোগ্য Noun থাকিলে সাধাৰণতে A বা An ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- What a beautiful flower! (কি ধুনীয়া ফুল!)
- What an excellent idea! (কি সুন্দৰ ধাৰণা!)
5. Use of The (The-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ)
The হৈছে Definite Article। কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, ঠাই বা বিষয় বুজাবলৈ The ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
1. Before a particular or specific noun (নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ আগত)
- Give me the book on the table. (মেজৰ ওপৰত থকা কিতাপখন মোক দিয়া।)
- The girl in the red dress is my sister. (ৰঙা পোছাক পিন্ধা ছোৱালীজনী মোৰ ভনী।)
2. When a noun is mentioned for the second time (দ্বিতীয়বাৰ উল্লেখ কৰিলে)
- I saw a dog. The dog was black. (মই এটা কুকুৰ দেখিছিলোঁ। কুকুৰটো ক’লা আছিল।)
- He bought a pen. The pen is very beautiful. (তেওঁ এটা কলম কিনিলে। কলমটো বৰ ধুনীয়া।)
3. Before unique things (পৃথিৱীত একমাত্ৰ বা অদ্বিতীয় বস্তুৰ আগত)
- The sun (সূৰ্য)
- The moon (জোন)
- The earth (পৃথিৱী)
- The sky (আকাশ)
Examples:
- The sun rises in the east.
- The earth moves around the sun.
4. Before the names of rivers (নদীৰ নামৰ আগত)
- The Brahmaputra
- The Ganga
- The Nile
- The Amazon
Example: The Brahmaputra is a big river.
5. Before the names of seas and oceans (সাগৰ আৰু মহাসাগৰৰ নামৰ আগত)
- The Arabian Sea
- The Red Sea
- The Indian Ocean
- The Pacific Ocean
6. Before the names of mountain ranges (পৰ্বতমালাৰ নামৰ আগত)
- The Himalayas
- The Alps
- The Aravallis
কিন্তু এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট পৰ্বতৰ নামৰ আগত সাধাৰণতে The ব্যৱহাৰ নহয়।
Example: Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
7. Before the names of groups of islands (দ্বীপপুঞ্জৰ নামৰ আগত)
- The Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- The West Indies
- The Maldives
8. Before the names of newspapers (বাতৰি কাকতৰ নামৰ আগত)
- The Assam Tribune
- The Times of India
- The Hindu
9. Before the names of famous buildings and monuments (বিখ্যাত অট্টালিকা আৰু স্মৃতিসৌধৰ নামৰ আগত)
- The Taj Mahal
- The Red Fort
- The Qutub Minar
10. Before superlative degrees (Superlative Degree-ৰ আগত)
- He is the best boy in the class.
- She is the tallest girl in the school.
- Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
11. Before ordinal numbers (ক্ৰমবাচক সংখ্যাৰ আগত)
First, second, third, fourth আদি ক্ৰমবাচক সংখ্যাৰ আগত The ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- He is the first boy in the class.
- This is the second chapter.
- She won the first prize.
12. Before musical instruments (বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰৰ আগত)
সাধাৰণতে কোনো বাদ্যযন্ত্ৰ বজোৱাৰ কথা ক’লে The ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- He plays the guitar.
- She plays the piano.
- My brother plays the flute.
13. Before the names of holy books (ধৰ্মীয় পৱিত্ৰ গ্ৰন্থৰ নামৰ আগত)
- The Ramayana
- The Mahabharata
- The Bible
- The Quran
14. Before the names of certain countries (কিছুমান দেশৰ নামৰ আগত)
যিবোৰ দেশৰ নামত Republic, Kingdom, States আদি শব্দ থাকে অথবা নামটো বহুবচন ৰূপত থাকে, সেইবোৰৰ আগত The ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- The United States of America
- The United Kingdom
- The United Arab Emirates
- The Netherlands
কিন্তু India, Assam, Japan, China আদি নামৰ আগত সাধাৰণতে The ব্যৱহাৰ নহয়।
15. Before the names of directions (দিশৰ নামৰ আগত)
দিশক নিৰ্দিষ্ট অঞ্চল বা স্থান হিচাপে বুজালে The ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- The East
- The West
- The North
- The South
Example: The sun rises in the east.
16. Before an adjective used as a plural noun (এটা শ্ৰেণীৰ মানুহ বুজোৱা Adjective-ৰ আগত)
The-ৰ পিছত Adjective ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি এটা শ্ৰেণীৰ মানুহক বুজাব পাৰি।
- The rich should help the poor. (ধনীসকলে দুখীয়াসকলক সহায় কৰা উচিত।)
- The poor need our help. (দুখীয়াসকলক আমাৰ সহায়ৰ প্ৰয়োজন।)
- The blind need special care. (দৃষ্টিহীনসকলক বিশেষ যত্নৰ প্ৰয়োজন।)
17. Before the names of inventions (আৱিষ্কাৰ বা যন্ত্ৰৰ নাম সাধাৰণ অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে)
- The telephone has changed communication.
- The computer is useful in modern life.
6. Omission of Articles (Article ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰা ক্ষেত্ৰ)
কিছুমান ক্ষেত্ৰত Noun-ৰ আগত A, An বা The ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহয়। ইয়াক Omission of Articles বা Article-ৰ লোপ বোলে।
1. Before proper nouns (ব্যক্তি, ঠাই বা দেশৰ নামৰ আগত)
- Ram is a good boy.
- India is a large country.
- Assam is a beautiful state.
- Guwahati is a big city.
2. Before plural nouns used in a general sense (সাধাৰণ অৰ্থত ব্যৱহৃত বহুবচন Noun-ৰ আগত)
- Books are our best friends.
- Dogs are faithful animals.
- Teachers teach students.
3. Before uncountable nouns used in a general sense (সাধাৰণ অৰ্থত ব্যৱহৃত গণনা কৰিব নোৱাৰা Noun-ৰ আগত)
- Water is essential for life.
- Milk is good for health.
- Honesty is the best policy.
- Gold is a precious metal.
4. Before the names of languages (ভাষাৰ নামৰ আগত)
- I speak English.
- He knows Assamese.
- She is learning Hindi.
5. Before the names of subjects (শিক্ষা বিষয়ৰ নামৰ আগত)
- Mathematics is an interesting subject.
- English is easy to learn.
- History is my favourite subject.
6. Before the names of meals (সাধাৰণ অৰ্থত আহাৰৰ নামৰ আগত)
- We have breakfast at 8 a.m.
- They take lunch at noon.
- We had dinner together.
কিন্তু আহাৰৰ বিষয়ে নিৰ্দিষ্টকৈ ক’লে The ব্যৱহাৰ হ’ব পাৰে।
Example: The dinner we had yesterday was delicious.
7. Before the names of games and sports (খেল-ধেমালিৰ নামৰ আগত)
- He plays cricket.
- They play football.
- She likes badminton.
8. Before the names of days and months (বাৰ আৰু মাহৰ নামৰ আগত)
- Monday is the first working day of the week.
- January is the first month of the year.
- Sunday is a holiday.
9. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense (ভাববাচক Noun-ৰ আগত)
- Honesty is a great virtue.
- Kindness is a good quality.
- Wisdom is better than wealth.
10. Before certain nouns used in common expressions
কিছুমান নিৰ্দিষ্ট বাক্যাংশত Article ব্যৱহাৰ নহয়।
- He goes to school every day.
- His father is in hospital.
- We go to bed at night.
- She goes to church on Sundays.
- He is at home.
টোকা: British English-ত কিছুমান এনে ব্যৱহাৰ সাধাৰণ। American English-ত hospital-ৰ আগত the ব্যৱহাৰ কৰাটোও প্ৰচলিত। কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট প্ৰতিষ্ঠান বা ঠাই বুজালে Article ব্যৱহাৰ হ’ব পাৰে।
7. Important Rules of Articles (Article-ৰ কিছুমান গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ নিয়ম)
এই নিয়মসমূহ পৰীক্ষাত শুদ্ধ Article নিৰ্বাচন কৰিবলৈ বিশেষভাৱে সহায়ক।
Rule 1: A little, Little, A few and Few
এই শব্দবোৰৰ আগত A বা An নহয়, কিন্তু ইয়াত A শব্দটো নিজেই Phrase-ৰ অংশ।
- A little = অলপ (ধনাত্মক অৰ্থত)
- Little = অতি কম বা প্ৰায় নাই (নেতিবাচক অৰ্থত)
- A few = কেইটামান (ধনাত্মক অৰ্থত)
- Few = অতি কম বা প্ৰায় নাই (নেতিবাচক অৰ্থত)
Examples:
- I have a little money. (মোৰ অলপ টকা আছে।)
- I have little money. (মোৰ প্ৰায় টকা নাই।)
- He has a few friends. (তেওঁৰ কেইজনমান বন্ধু আছে।)
- He has few friends. (তেওঁৰ বন্ধু অতি কম।)
Rule 2: A number of and The number of
- A number of = কেইবাটাও বা বহুতো। ইয়াৰ পিছত Plural Noun আৰু Plural Verb ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- The number of = সংখ্যা। ইয়াৰ পিছত Plural Noun থাকিলেও Singular Verb ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Examples:
- A number of students are absent today.
- The number of students in our class is forty.
Rule 3: Such a / Quite a / Rather a
Such, Quite আৰু Rather-ৰ পিছত একবচন গণনাযোগ্য Noun থাকিলে সাধাৰণতে A ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Examples:
- He is such a good boy.
- It is quite a difficult question.
- It was rather a cold day.
Rule 4: Many a
Many a-ৰ পিছত Singular Countable Noun আৰু Singular Verb ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Example:
- Many a student has failed in the examination.
- Many a man has tried to solve this problem.
Rule 5: Half a / A half
Half-ৰ পিছত Singular Countable Noun থাকিলে Half a বা A half দুয়োটা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব পাৰি।
Examples:
- I waited for half an hour.
- He ate half an apple.
- I need a half kilo of rice.
Rule 6: A most and The most
- A most = অতি বা বৰ (Very অৰ্থত)।
- The most = আটাইতকৈ বেছি (Superlative অৰ্থত)।
Examples:
- He is a most intelligent boy. (তেওঁ অতি বুদ্ধিমান ল’ৰা।)
- He is the most intelligent boy in the class. (তেওঁ শ্ৰেণীৰ আটাইতকৈ বুদ্ধিমান ল’ৰা।)
Rule 7: Article before abbreviations
Abbreviation-ৰ প্ৰথম উচ্চাৰণৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি A বা An ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- An MLA
- An FIR
- An NGO
- An NCC cadet
- A B.A. student
- A B.Ed. degree
- A UNESCO programme
8. Difference between A, An and The
| Article | ব্যৱহাৰ | Example |
| A | ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনিৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা শব্দৰ আগত | A boy |
| An | স্বৰধ্বনিৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা শব্দৰ আগত | An egg |
| The | নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ আগত | The boy |
সহজে মনত ৰখাৰ উপায়:
- A = যিকোনো এজন বা এটা।
- An = যিকোনো এজন বা এটা, কিন্তু স্বৰধ্বনিৰে আৰম্ভ হোৱা শব্দৰ আগত।
- The = নিৰ্দিষ্ট এজন বা এটা।
9. Common Errors in the Use of Articles
তলত কিছুমান সাধাৰণ ভুল আৰু ইয়াৰ শুদ্ধ ৰূপ দিয়া হ’ল।
| Incorrect | Correct |
| He is an teacher. | He is a teacher. |
| She is a honest girl. | She is an honest girl. |
| He is an university student. | He is a university student. |
| The India is a large country. | India is a large country. |
| Sun rises in east. | The sun rises in the east. |
| I have a umbrella. | I have an umbrella. |
| He is best boy. | He is the best boy. |
| She plays the cricket. | She plays cricket. |
| I go to the school every day. | I go to school every day. |
10. Exercise (অনুশীলনী)
তলৰ প্ৰশ্নসমূহৰ খালী ঠাইত উপযুক্ত Article (A, An বা The) বহুওৱা।
Exercise – A: Fill in the blanks
- He is ______ honest man.
- I saw ______ elephant in the zoo.
- She is ______ teacher.
- ______ sun rises in the east.
- I have ______ umbrella.
- He is ______ university student.
- This is ______ useful book.
- ______ Brahmaputra is a big river.
- She is ______ best girl in the class.
- I bought ______ orange yesterday.
- He is ______ European.
- We live in ______ India.
- He plays ______ guitar.
- It is ______ interesting story.
- ______ Taj Mahal is in Agra.
Answer:
- an
- an
- a
- The
- an
- a
- a
- The
- the
- an
- a
- No article
- the
- an
- The
Exercise – B: Fill in the blanks with A, An or The
- Raju is ______ intelligent boy.
- My father is ______ doctor.
- He waited for ______ hour.
- I saw ______ one-eyed man.
- She has ______ M.A. degree.
- ______ moon shines at night.
- This is ______ most beautiful place.
- He is ______ first boy in the class.
- ______ Himalayas are in Asia.
- She is ______ European girl.
- He bought ______ new bicycle.
- I saw ______ owl on a tree.
- He is ______ honest officer.
- ______ Quran is a holy book.
- My mother gave me ______ apple.
Answer:
- an
- a
- an
- a
- an
- The
- the
- the
- The
- a
- a
- an
- an
- The
- an
Exercise – C: Correct the following sentences
- He is an good boy.
- She is a intelligent girl.
- The Assam is a beautiful state.
- I have an book.
- He is a honest man.
- Sun is a star.
- She plays the badminton.
- He is best player in the team.
- I saw a elephant.
- He goes to the school every day.
Answer:
- He is a good boy.
- She is an intelligent girl.
- Assam is a beautiful state.
- I have a book.
- He is an honest man.
- The sun is a star.
- She plays badminton.
- He is the best player in the team.
- I saw an elephant.
- He goes to school every day.
Exercise – D: Choose the correct answer
- He is (a/an) honest person.
- I saw (a/an) tiger.
- She is (a/an) engineer.
- (A/The) sun gives us light.
- He is (a/the) tallest boy in the class.
- I have (a/an) uniform.
- She waited for (a/an) hour.
- (A/The) Ganga is a holy river.
- He is (a/an) European.
- This is (a/the) most important question.
Answer:
- an
- a
- an
- The
- the
- a
- an
- The
- a
- the
Exercise – E: Translate into English
- তেওঁ এজন শিক্ষক।
- মই এটা আপেল খাওঁ।
- সূৰ্য পূব দিশত উদয় হয়।
- হাতী এবিধ ডাঙৰ জন্তু।
- তেওঁ এজন সৎ মানুহ।
- মই এখন কিতাপ কিনিলোঁ।
- ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ এখন ডাঙৰ নদী।
- তাই শ্ৰেণীৰ আটাইতকৈ ভাল ছাত্ৰী।
- মোৰ এটা ছাতি আছে।
- ভাৰত এখন ডাঙৰ দেশ।
Answer:
- He is a teacher.
- I eat an apple.
- The sun rises in the east.
- An elephant is a large animal.
- He is an honest man.
- I bought a book.
- The Brahmaputra is a big river.
- She is the best student in the class.
- I have an umbrella.
- India is a big country.
12. Important Examination Tips
- A আৰু An ব্যৱহাৰ কৰোঁতে শব্দৰ প্ৰথম আখৰ নহয়, প্ৰথম উচ্চাৰণলৈ মন দিবা।
- প্ৰথমবাৰ কোনো বস্তুৰ কথা ক’লে সাধাৰণতে A বা An ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- একেটা বস্তুৰ কথা দ্বিতীয়বাৰ উল্লেখ কৰিলে The ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- Superlative Degree-ৰ আগত সাধাৰণতে The ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- নদী, সাগৰ, মহাসাগৰ আৰু পৰ্বতমালাৰ নামৰ আগত The ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- ব্যক্তি, দেশ, ভাষা আৰু বিষয়ৰ সাধাৰণ নামৰ আগত সাধাৰণতে Article ব্যৱহাৰ নহয়।
- Singular Countable Noun-ৰ আগত সাধাৰণতে Article বা আন Determiner থাকিব লাগে।
Remember These Examples
- A university – An umbrella
- A European – An engineer
- A useful book – An interesting book
- A one-eyed man – An honest man
- A B.A. student – An M.A. student
- The sun – The moon
- The Brahmaputra – The Himalayas
- India – Assam – Japan (No Article)
*****END*****
Clause (বাক্যাংশ / উপবাক্য)
যি শব্দগুচ্ছত এটাSubject (কৰ্তা)আৰু এটাPredicate/Finite Verb (সসীম ক্ৰিয়া)স্পষ্টভাৱে থাকে আৰু যিয়ে বাক্যৰ এটা অংশ হিচাপে কাম কৰে, তাকClauseবোলে।
Clause-এ এটা বাক্যৰ ভিতৰত থাকিও নিজাকৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে বা মূল বাক্যটোৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।
Clause-ৰ মূল বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ:
- ইয়াতSubject (কৰ্তা)থাকে।
- ইয়াত অতি কমেও এটাFinite Verb (সসীম ক্ৰিয়া)থাকে।
- ই নিজে এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্য হ’ব পাৰে, বা ডাঙৰ বাক্য এটাৰ অংশ হ’ব পাৰে।
উদাহৰণ (Examples):
- I saw a manwho was wearing a red shirt.
- I saw a man
এটা Clause (ই সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে)।
- who was wearing a red shirt
আন এটা Clause (ইয়াতwhoহ’ল Subject আৰুwas wearingহ’ল Verb)।
- I saw a man
- When the rain stopped, we went home.
- When the rain stopped
এটা Clause (the rain Subject, stoppedVerb)।
- we went home
আন এটা Clause (we Subject, wentVerb)।
- When the rain stopped
Clause-ৰ প্ৰকাৰ (Types of Clauses):
Clause-ক মূলত দুটা মুখ্য ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয়:
১. Principal / Independent Clause (প্রধান উপবাক্য):
যিটো Clause-এ কোনো সহায় নোহোৱাকৈ নিজে নিজে এটা সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে, তাকPrincipal Clauseবোলে।
- Example:I know the boy who came here yesterday.
(ইয়াত “I know the boy” অংশটোৱে অকলেই সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিব পাৰে।)
২. Subordinate / Dependent Clause (অপ্ৰধান / নিৰ্ভৰশীল উপবাক্য):
যিটো Clause-এ নিজে সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিব নোৱাৰে আৰু অৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিবলৈ Principal Clause-ৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰিবলগীয়া হয়, তাকSubordinate Clauseবোলে।
- Example: I know the boy who came here yesterday.
(ইয়াত “who came here yesterday” অংশটোৱে Principal Clause-টো নোহোৱাকৈ সম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ নিদিয়ে।)
Subordinate Clause-ৰ ভাগসমূহ:
Subordinate Clause-ক কামৰ আধাৰত তিনিটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয়:
- Noun Clause:বাক্যত Noun (বিশেষ্য) হিচাপে কাম কৰে (যেনে: I know what he said).
- Adjective / Relative Clause: Noun বা Pronoun-ৰ বিষয়ে ব্যাখ্যা কৰে (যেনে: The book which is on the table is mine).
- Adverb Clause: Verb, Adjective বা অন্য Adverb-ৰ সময়, কাৰণ বা চৰ্ত বুজায় (যেনে: Call me when you reach).
Phrase আৰু Clause-ৰ পাৰ্থক্য (Difference between Phrase and Clause):
| বিষয় | Phrase | Clause |
| Subject আৰু Verb | নাথাকে | থাকে |
| অৰ্থ | অসম্পূৰ্ণ অৰ্থ দিয়ে | সম্পূৰ্ণ বা আংশিক অৰ্থ দিয়ে |
| উদাহৰণ | in a brave manner | who was brave |
*******END*******
Comparison (তুলনা)
ইংৰাজী Grammar ত Comparisonমানে হৈছে দুজন ব্যক্তি, দুটা বস্তু বা অধিক বস্তুৰ মাজত তুলনা কৰা।
Comparison সাধাৰণতেAdjective (বিশেষণ)বাAdverbৰ সহায়ত কৰা হয়।
ইংৰাজীত “as … as” ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি কোনো ব্যক্তি, জন্তু, চৰাই বা বস্তুৰ গুণ আন কিবা বস্তুৰ লগত তুলনা কৰা হয়।
ইয়াৰ দ্বাৰা সাধাৰণতে —
- সমান গুণ
- আকাৰ
- গতি
- শক্তি
- সৌন্দৰ্য
- কোমলতা
- বুদ্ধি
আদি বুজোৱা হয়।
Structure
Formula
Subject + verb + as + adjective + as + noun
Examples with Animals
1. as brave as a lion
→ সিংহৰ দৰে সাহসী
Sentence
He is as brave as a lion.
2. as cunning as a fox
→ শিয়ালৰ দৰে চালাক
Sentence
The thief was as cunning as a fox.
3. as busy as a bee
→ মৌমাখীৰ দৰে ব্যস্ত
Sentence
My mother is as busy as a bee.
4. as gentle as a lamb
→ মেৰপোৱালিৰ দৰে কোমল
Sentence
The little girl is as gentle as a lamb.
5. as slow as a tortoise
→ কাছিমৰ দৰে লেহেম
Sentence
The old man walks as slow as a tortoise.
6. as strong as an elephant
→ হাতীৰ দৰে শক্তিশালী
Sentence
The wrestler is as strong as an elephant.
Examples with Birds
1. as free as a bird
→ চৰাইৰ দৰে মুক্ত
Sentence
The children felt as free as birds after the exam.
2. as wise as an owl
→ পেঁচাৰ দৰে জ্ঞানী
Sentence
My grandfather is as wise as an owl.
3. as proud as a peacock
→ ময়ূৰৰ দৰে গৰ্বিত
Sentence
The boy looked as proud as a peacock.
Examples with Objects / Things
1. as white as snow
→ বৰফৰ দৰে বগা
Sentence
Her dress is as white as snow.
2. as black as coal
→ কয়লাৰ দৰে ক’লা
Sentence
His hair is as black as coal.
3. as soft as cotton
→ কপাহৰ দৰে কোমল
Sentence
The pillow is as soft as cotton.
4. as clear as crystal
→ স্ফটিকৰ দৰে স্বচ্ছ
Sentence
The water is as clear as crystal.
5. as hard as iron
→ লোহাৰ দৰে টান
Sentence
The table is as hard as iron.
Examples with Food / Daily Objects
1. as sweet as honey
→ মৌৰ দৰে মিঠা
Sentence
The baby’s voice is as sweet as honey.
2. as cold as ice
→ বৰফৰ দৰে ঠাণ্ডা
Sentence
His hands were as cold as ice.
3. as light as a feather
→ পালকৰ দৰে পাতল
Sentence
This bag is as light as a feather.
Important Similes using “as … as”
এই ধৰণৰ comparison ক অনেক সময়ত Simile বুলিও কোৱা হয়।
| Comparison | Meaning |
| as brave as a lion | খুব সাহসী |
| as busy as a bee | খুব ব্যস্ত |
| as white as snow | একেবাৰে বগা |
| as black as coal | একেবাৰে ক’লা |
| as sweet as honey | খুব মিঠা |
| as soft as cotton | খুব কোমল |
| as free as a bird | সম্পূৰ্ণ মুক্ত |
| as wise as an owl | খুব জ্ঞানী |
Negative Form
Structure
Subject + verb + not + as + adjective + as + noun
Examples
- Iron is not as light as wood.
- A cat is not as big as a tiger.
- This road is not as wide as that road.
Common Mistakes
❌ He is as stronger as a lion.
✔ He is as strong as a lion.
❌ The cloth is as softer as cotton.
✔ The cloth is as soft as cotton.
Exercise
Fill in the Blanks
- He is as brave as a ______.
- The baby is as sweet as ______.
- The bag is as light as a ______.
- The fox is as cunning as a ______.
- The pillow is as soft as ______.
Match the Following
| Column A | Column B |
| as white as | honey |
| as sweet as | snow |
| as black as | coal |
| as busy as | a bee |
| as wise as | an owl |
Make Sentences
Use these in sentences:
- as cold as ice
- as free as a bird
- as strong as an elephant
- as proud as a peacock
- as clear as crystal
Conclusion
“as … as” ব্যৱহাৰ কৰি ব্যক্তি, জন্তু, চৰাই বা বস্তুৰ গুণ তুলনা কৰা হয়। এইবোৰে বাক্য অধিক সুন্দর আৰু বৰ্ণনামূলক কৰি তোলে। ইংৰাজী লিখা আৰু কোৱাৰ সময়ত এই ধৰণৰ comparison বহুত উপযোগী।
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Comjunction
- Conjunction (সংযোজক অব্যয়):যিবোৰ শব্দই দুটা শব্দ, বাক্যাংশ (phrase) বা বাক্যক একেলগে সংযোগ কৰে, তাক Conjunction বলে।
- Coordinating Conjunction:যিবোৰ Conjunction-এ দুটা স্বাধীন (independent) বাক্যক সংযোগ কৰে (যেনে:and, but, or)।
- Subordinating Conjunction:যিবোৰ Conjunction-এ এটা স্বাধীন বাক্যৰ লগত এটা নিৰ্ভৰশীল (dependent) বাক্যক যোগ কৰে (যেনে:that, because, if, who, where)।
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CORRELATIVES
সংযোজক অব্যয় বা সংসংগী অব্যয় (Correlatives / Correlative Conjunctions)হৈছে এনে কিছুমান শব্দযোৰ (pairs of words), যিবোৰে বাক্যৰ দুটা অংশ, পদ বা বাক্যখণ্ডক ইটোৰ লগত সিটোৰ সম্পৰ্ক জোৰা লগাই পূৰ্ণ কৰে।
ইংৰাজীত যেনেকৈEither…or, Neither…nor, Both…and, If…thenআদি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, অসমীয়া ভাষাতো ঠিক তেনেদৰেই কিছুমান শব্দ সদায়যোৰ পাতি (pairs)ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ মুখ্য সংসংগী শব্দযোৰ (Key Correlatives in Assamese)
১. যদি… তেন্তে / তেন্তে / তেনেহ’লে (If… then)
চৰ্তমূলক বাক্যত (Conditional sentences) প্ৰথম অংশত ‘যদি’ আৰু দ্বিতীয় অংশত ‘তেন্তে’ বা ‘তেনেহ’লে’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- ইংৰাজী: If it rains, then I will not go.
- অসমীয়া:যদি বৰষুণ দিয়ে, তেন্তেমই নাযাওঁ।
২. যেনেকৈ… তেনেকৈ / যিদৰে… সিদৰে (As… so / Just as… so)
কাম কৰাৰ ধৰণ বা তুলনা বুজাবলৈ এই শব্দযোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- ইংৰাজী: As you sow, so shall you reap.
- অসমীয়া:যিদৰেকৰ্ম কৰিবা, সিদৰেফল পাবা। /যেনেকৈৰুবা, তেনেকৈকাবি।
৩. যিমানেই… সিমান (The more… the more)
পৰিমাণ বা তাৰতম্য বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- ইংৰাজী: The more you read, the more you learn.
- অসমীয়া:যিমানেইপঢ়িবা, সিমানশিকিব পাৰিবা।
৪. য’ত… ত’ত (Where… there)
স্থান বা ঠাইৰ সম্পৰ্ক দেখুৱাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- ইংৰাজী: Where there is a will, there is a way.
- অসমীয়া:য’তইচ্ছা থাকে, ত’তপথো ওলায়।
৫. যেতিয়া… তেতিয়া (When… then)
সময়ৰ সম্পৰ্ক বুজাবলৈ এই শব্দযোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- ইংৰাজী: When the sun sets, then it gets dark.
- অসমীয়া:যেতিয়াসূৰ্য অস্ত যায়, তেতিয়াঅন্ধকাৰ হয়।
৬. যিজন / যি… সি / তেওঁ (Who… he/she)
ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা সম্বন্ধবাচক সৰ্বনাম (Relative Pronoun) আৰু তাৰ উত্তৰবাচক অংশ।
- ইংৰাজী: He who works hard succeeds.
- অসমীয়া:যিজনেপৰিশ্ৰম কৰে, তেওঁসফল হয়। /যিকৰে, সিপায়।
৭. হয়… নহ’লে / নাইবা (Either… or)
দুটা বিকল্পৰ ভিতৰত যিকোনো এটা বাছি ল’বলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- ইংৰাজী: Either read or play.
- অসমীয়া:হয়পঢ়া, নহ’লেখেলা।
৮. ন… ন (Neither… nor)
দুয়োটা বিকল্পৰে অস্বীকাৰ বা নেতিবাচক অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰিবলৈ।
- ইংৰাজী: Neither he came, nor did he message.
- অসমীয়া:তেওঁনাআহিল, নাখবৰ দিলে। / তেওঁআহিলেওনাই, খবৰোনিদিলে।
অসমীয়াত সংসংগী পদৰ নিৰ্মাণ শৈলী (Pattern of Formation)
অসমীয়া সংসংগী শব্দবোৰ মন কৰিলে দেখা যায় যে প্ৰথমটো শব্দ‘য’ (Ya)আখৰেৰে আৰু দ্বিতীয়টো শব্দ‘ত’ (Ta)বা‘স’ (Sa)আখৰেৰে আৰম্ভ হয়:
| সাপেক্ষ অংশ (Relative – ‘য’) | অনাপেক্ষ/উত্তৰ অংশ (Demonstrative – ‘ত’ / ‘স’) | অৰ্থ |
| যেতিয়া (Zetiya) | তেতিয়া (Tetiya) | Time (সময়) |
| য’ত (Zot) | ত’ত (Tot) | Place (স্থান) |
| যেনেকৈ (Zenekoi) | তেনেকৈ (Tenekoi) | Manner (ধৰণ) |
| যিমানে (Zimane) | সিমান (Siman) | Quantity (পৰিমাণ) |
| যিদৰে (Zidore) | সিদৰে (Sidore) | Mode (প্ৰকাৰ) |
মূল নিয়ম (Main Rule to Remember)
অসমীয়া ব্যাকৰণত এই শব্দযোৰৰপ্ৰথম অংশটো (য-যুক্ত শব্দটো)অসম্পূৰ্ণ বা সাপেক্ষ অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰে, আৰুদ্বিতীয় অংশটোৱে (ত/স-যুক্ত শব্দটো)বাক্যাংশটোৰ অৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে। সেয়েহে বাক্য শুদ্ধকৈ লিখিবলৈ বা ক’বলৈ দুয়োটা শব্দৰ সঠিক সমন্বয় ৰখাটো প্ৰয়োজন।
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Demonym (জাতীয়তা বা স্থানবাচক নাম)
What is a Demonym?
Demonymহৈছে সেই শব্দ যি কোনো দেশ, ৰাজ্য, চহৰ বা স্থানৰ মানুহক বুজায়।
সহজ ভাষাত —
কোনো ঠাইৰ মানুহক কি বুলি কোৱা হয় তাক Demonym বোলে।
Examples
| Place | Demonym |
| India | Indian |
| Assam | Assamese |
| America | American |
| Japan | Japanese |
Example Sentences
- I am an Indian.
- He is Assamese.
- They are Japanese students.
Important Demonyms
Countries and Their Demonyms
| Country | Demonym |
| India | Indian |
| China | Chinese |
| Japan | Japanese |
| Nepal | Nepalese |
| Bhutan | Bhutanese |
| America | American |
| England | English |
| France | French |
| Russia | Russian |
| Canada | Canadian |
| Australia | Australian |
Indian States and Their Demonyms
| State | Demonym |
| Assam | Assamese |
| Punjab | Punjabi |
| Gujarat | Gujarati |
| Kashmir | Kashmiri |
| Bengal | Bengali |
| Bihar | बिहारी / Bihari |
| Maharashtra | Maharashtrian |
Use of Demonyms in Sentences
Examples
- An Indian lives in India.
- A person from Assam is called Assamese.
- A person from Japan is called Japanese.
- My friend is Canadian.
- The French are famous for art and culture.
Important Suffixes in Demonyms
অনেক Demonym ৰ শেষত কিছুমান বিশেষ ending থাকে।
| Ending | Example |
| -an | Indian, American |
| -ese | Chinese, Japanese |
| -ian | Canadian, Australian |
| -ish | English, British |
| -i | Punjabi, Gujarati |
Difference between Country and Demonym
| Country | Demonym |
| India | Indian |
| China | Chinese |
| Nepal | Nepalese |
Demonym as Adjective
Demonym কেতিয়াবা Adjective হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Examples
- Indian culture
- Japanese food
- Assamese language
ইয়াত Indian, Japanese, Assamese — adjective হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছে।
Capital Letter Rule
Demonyms সদায় Capital Letter দি আৰম্ভ হয়।
✔ Indian
✔ Assamese
❌indian
❌assamese
Common Mistakes
❌ He is an indian.
✔ He is an Indian.
❌ She is japanese.
✔ She is Japanese.
Exercise
Fill in the Blanks
- A person from India is called an ______.
- A person from Assam is called ______.
- A person from Japan is called ______.
- A person from America is called an ______.
- A person from China is called ______.
Match the Following
| Place | Demonym |
| India | Japanese |
| Japan | Indian |
| Assam | American |
| America | Assamese |
Make Sentences
Use these words in sentences:
- Indian
- Assamese
- Chinese
- Canadian
- Australian
Conclusion
Demonym হৈছে কোনো দেশ বা স্থানৰ মানুহৰ নাম। ইংৰাজীত সঠিক Demonym ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে বাক্য অধিক সঠিক আৰু সুন্দর হয়। ইয়াক সদায় Capital Letter দি লিখা হয়।
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Determiners
Determiners (নিৰ্ধাৰক) কি?
Determinersহ’ল এনে কিছুমান শব্দ যিবোৰ সদায় কোনোNoun (বিশেষ্য)-ৰ আগত বহে আৰু সেই Noun টোৱে ঠিক কিহক বুজাইছে (কোনটো, কাৰ, কিমান ইত্যাদি) তাক নিৰ্দিষ্ট বা অনিৰ্দিষ্ট কৰি দিয়ে।
মনত ৰাখিব: Determiners-এ Noun-ৰ অৰ্থ সীমিত বা নিৰ্ধাৰণ কৰে। যেনে:This pen, Many boys, A book.
Determiners-ৰ প্ৰকাৰ (Types of Determiners)
a) . Articles (প্ৰত্যয়)
Articles-ক দুটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি:
- Indefinite Articles (অনিৰ্দিষ্ট):AআৰুAn। (কোনো অনিৰ্দিষ্ট বস্তু বা ব্যক্তিক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- Example: I saw a bird. (মই এটা চৰাই দেখিলো— যিকোনো চৰাই হ’ব পাৰে।)
- Example: He ate an apple. (তেওঁ এটা আপেল খালে।)
- Definite Article (নিৰ্দিষ্ট):The। (কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বস্তু, ব্যক্তি বা একক ভৌগোলিক নামৰ আগত বহে।)
- Example:The Sun rises in the east. (বেলিটো পূব দিশত উদয় হয়।)
- Example: This is the book I was looking for. (এইখনেই সেই কিতাপখন যিখন মই বিচাৰি আছিলো।)
b)Demonstratives (প্ৰদৰ্শনমূলক)
কোনো বস্তু বা ব্যক্তি ওচৰত আছেনে দূৰত আছে তাক আঙুলিয়াই দেখুৱাবলৈ এইবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- This (এইটো – ওচৰৰ এটা বুজাবলৈ)Example:This is my school.
- That (সেইটো – দূৰৰ এটা বুজাবলৈ)Example:That is a hill.
- These (এইবোৰ – ওচৰৰ বহুতো বুজাবলৈ)Example:These books are mine.
- Those (সেইবোৰ – দূৰৰ বহুতো বুজাবলৈ)Example:Those birds are flying.
c)Pronouns used as Possessives (স্বত্ববোধক বা অধিকাৰসূচক)
কোনো বস্তু কাৰ হয় (মালিকীস্বত্ব) তাক বুজাবলৈ এইবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- My (মোৰ), Your (তোমাৰ/আপোনাৰ), His/Her (তাৰ/তাইৰ/তেওঁৰ), Our (আমাৰ), Their (তেওঁলোকৰ)।
- Example:My father is a teacher.
- Example: Where is your bicycle?
d) Distributive Determiners (বিতৰণমূলক নিৰ্ধাৰক)
এইবোৰ এনে কিছুমান শব্দ যিয়ে কোনো এটা গোট বা দলৰ সমূহীয়া সদস্যসকলক একেলগে নুবুজাই, প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তি বা প্ৰতিটো বস্তুক সুকীয়া সুকীয়াভাৱে (individual) বুজাবলৈব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। যেনে-
Each, Every, Either,আৰুNeither ইত্যাদি ।
১. Each (প্ৰত্যেক – সুকীয়াভাৱে)
- ব্যৱহাৰৰ নিয়ম:
- দুটা বা দুটাতকৈ অধিক ব্যক্তি/বস্তুআৰুসংখ্যা সীমিত বা নিৰ্দিষ্ট , তেতিয়া ‘Each’ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- ‘Each’-ৰ পিছত সদায়Singular Noun (একবচন) আৰুSingular Verbবহে।
- উদাহৰণ:
- Each student was given a pen. (প্ৰতিজন ছাত্ৰকে একোটাকৈ কলম দিয়া হৈছিল।)
- There are two trees, and each tree has fruits. (তাত দুজোপা গছ আছে আৰু প্ৰতিজোপাতে ফল আছে।)
২. Every (প্ৰত্যেক – সমূহীয়াভাৱে)
- ব্যৱহাৰৰ নিয়ম:
- দুটাতকৈ অধিকব্যক্তি/বস্তু আৰু সংখ্যা অনিশ্চিত বা অনিৰ্দিষ্ট , তেতিয়া ‘Every’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- ‘Every’-ৰ পিছতো সদায়Singular NounআৰুSingular Verbবহে।
- উদাহৰণ:
- Every citizen loves their country. (প্ৰতিজন নাগৰিকৰে নিজৰ দেশৰ প্ৰতি মৰম আছে — ইয়াত দেশৰ সকলো নাগৰিককে বুজোৱা হৈছে।)
- He watches television every evening. (তেওঁ প্ৰতি সন্ধিয়া টিভি চায়।)
৩. Either (হয়তো)
“either” শব্দটো কেইবাটাও অৰ্থত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়ঃ
1. As “one or the other” (দুয়োটাৰ মাজৰ এটা)
- Assamese: যিকোনো এটা / এটাই হওক
- Example: You can take either book.(তুমিযিকোনো এটাকিতাপ ল’ব পাৰা।)
2. As “also” (লগতে)
- Assamese: তেওঁও / মইও
- Example: I don’t like tea either.(মইচাহওভাল নাপাও।)
- Example: He didn’t come either.(তেওঁওনাহিল।)
৩. As “Both”(দুয়ো)
Example :-There were trees on either side of the river. (নদীখনৰ দুয়োকাষে গছ আছিল — ইয়াত ‘Either’ মানে ‘দুয়োটা’ কাষকে বুজাইছে।)
৪. Neither (এটাও নহয়)
দুটাব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ ভিতৰতএটাও নহয় (not one and not the other)বুজাবলৈ ই ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- ব্যৱহাৰৰ নিয়ম:
- ই কেৱল দুটা বস্তু বা ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰতহে ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- বাক্যটোত ‘Neither’ বহিলে সুকীয়াকৈ ‘not’ বহুৱাব নালাগে, কাৰণ ই নিজেই এটা ঋণাত্মক শব্দ।
- ইয়াৰ পিছতোSingular NounআৰুSingular Verbবহে।
- উদাহৰণ:
- Neither answer is correct. (এটা উত্তৰো শুদ্ধ নহয় — অৰ্থাৎ দুটা উত্তৰৰ এটাও শুদ্ধ নহয়।)
- Neither boy was present in the class. (শ্ৰেণীত এটাও ল’ৰা উপস্থিত নাছিল — দুটা ল’ৰাৰ কথা কোৱা হৈছে।)
মনত ৰাখিবলগীয়া আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ নিয়ম:
যেতিয়া এই Determiners বোৰৰ পিছত“of”শব্দটো ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, তেতিয়া Noun টোPlural (বহুবচন)হৈ যায়, কিন্তু Verb টো সদায়Singular (একবচন)হৈয়ে থাকে।
- Each of the studentshas (have নহয়) a book.
- Either of the two boysis (are নহয়) guilty.
- Neither of the planswas (were নহয়) successful.
পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে চুটি অভ্যাসহেন (Quick Test):
১. _____ of the two girls was beautiful. (Ans: EitherবাNeither — যিহেতু ‘two girls’ বুলি স্পষ্টকৈ উল্লেখ আছে।)
২. India expects _____ man to do his duty. (Ans: every — কাৰণ দেশৰ সকলো মানুহকে একেলগে বুজোৱা হৈছে।)
৩. Leap year comes _____ fourth year. (Ans: every)
৪. There are tall buildings on _____ side of the street. (Ans: either — ৰাস্তাৰ দুয়োটা কাষ বুজাবলৈ।)
e) Cardinaland Ordinal Determiners
এইবোৰহৈছে এনে শব্দ যি Noun ৰ আগত বহি সংখ্যা, পৰিমাণ, স্থান আদি বুজায়।
১. Cardinal Determiners
Cardinal Determiners এ ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা জন্তুৰসংখ্যাবুজায়। যেনে- One. Two, three, four etc.
বাক্যত ব্যৱহাৰ
| Sentence | অসমীয়া অৰ্থ |
| I have one pen. | মোৰ এটা কলম আছে। |
| Two boys are playing. | দুজন ল’ৰা খেলি আছে। |
| She bought three books. | তাই তিনিখন কিতাপ কিনিলে। |
২. Ordinal Determiners
Ordinal Determiners এ কিবা বস্তু বা ব্যক্তিৰস্থান, ক্ৰম বা পদবুজায়।যেনে- first, second, third, fourth, etc.
বাক্যত ব্যৱহাৰ
| Sentence | অসমীয়া অৰ্থ |
| He stood first in the class. | তেওঁ শ্ৰেণীত প্ৰথম হৈছিল। |
| This is my second attempt. | এইটো মোৰ দ্বিতীয় চেষ্টা। |
| She lives on the third floor. | তাই তৃতীয় মহলাত থাকে। |
f)Quantifiers (পৰিমাণবাচক)
কোনো Noun-ৰ সংখ্যা বা পৰিমাণ বুজাবলৈ এইবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
| Quantifier | ব্যৱহাৰ (Usage) | উদাহৰণ (Example) |
| Many | Countable Noun (গণনা কৰিব পৰা) ৰ বহুবচনৰ আগত বহে। | There are many students in the class. |
| Much | Uncountable Noun (গণনা কৰিব নোৱাৰা) ৰ আগত পৰিমাণ বুজাবলৈ বহে। | Is there much water in the jug? |
| Some | ধনাত্মক (Positive) বাক্যত Countable আৰু Uncountable দুয়োটাতে বহে। | Please give me some milk. / I have some friends. |
| Any | ঋণাত্মক (Negative) আৰু প্ৰশ্নবোধক (Interrogative) বাক্যত বহে। | I don’t have any money. / Do you have any doubts? |
| A lot of | বহু/বহুত /অনেক-ই Countable আৰু Uncountable দুয়োটা Noun ৰ আগত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। | A lot of students came to school./ We saw a lot of birds. |
| Plenty of | যথেষ্ট/বহুত/প্ৰচুৰ-ই Countable আৰু Uncountable Noun ৰ লগত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।“Plenty of” এ “enough and more” অৰ্থ বুজায়। | There are plenty of books in the library./ We have plenty of mangoes. |
1) Few (গণনা কৰিব পৰা/Countable Noun-ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়):
- Few:নাই বুলিয়েই ক’ব পাৰি (Negative অৰ্থ প্ৰকাশ কৰে)।
Example:-He has few friends. (তাৰ বন্ধু নাই বুলিলেই চলে।)
- A few:কম সংখ্যক কিন্তু কিছু আছে (Positive অৰ্থ)।
Example:I have a few books on this topic. (মোৰ ওচৰত এই বিষয়ৰ কেইখনমান কিতাপ আছে।)
- The few:যিখিনি আছে গোটেইখিনি।
Example:-He lost the few friends he had. (তাৰ যি কম সংখ্যক বন্ধু আছিল, সকলোকে হেৰুৱালে।)
2) Little (গণনা কৰিব নোৱাৰা/Uncountable Noun-ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়):
- Little:নাই বুলিয়েই ক’ব পাৰি।
Example:-There is little milk in the pot. (পাত্ৰটোত গাখীৰ নাই বুলিলেই চলে।)
- A little:কম পৰিমাণৰ কিন্তু অলপ আছে।
Example:-Please give me a little water. (অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি মোক অলপ পানী দিয়ক।)
- The little:যিখিনি আছে গোটেইখিনি।
Example:-He drank the little milk we had. (আমাৰ ওচৰত যিখিনি কম পৰিমাণৰ গাখীৰ আছিল, তেওঁ গোটেইখিনি খাই পেলালে।)
পৰীক্ষাত আহিব পৰা কিছুমান উদাহৰণ (Practice Questions)
১. Look at _____ sky. (Ans: the)
২. I have _____ important work to do. (Ans: some)
৩. Do you have _____ pen? (Ans: any)
৪. Only _____ students passed the exam. (Ans: a few – কাৰণ ‘students’ countable আৰু ‘Only’ থকা বাবে ‘a few’ বহিছে।)
৫. _____ learning is a dangerous thing. (Ans: A little – বিদ্যা গণনা কৰিব নোৱাৰি।)
********** END ***********
Finite and Non-Finite Verb
What is a Verb? (ক্ৰিয়াপদ কাক বোলে?)
A Verb is a word that tells us about an action (doing something), a state (being something), or possession (having something).
সহজ কথাত ক’বলৈ গ’লে, যিবোৰ শব্দৰ দ্বাৰা কিবা কামকৰা, হোৱা, খোৱা, যোৱাআদি বুজায়, তাকেVerbবাক্ৰিয়াপদবোলে। It is also known as a “doing word” or “action word”.
Examples (উদাহৰণ):
- Rahul runs fast. / ৰাহুলে জোৰেৰেদৌৰে।(Action / কাম কৰা)
- The sun is hot. / বেলিটো গৰমহয়।(State of being / অৱস্থা)
- I have a pen. / মোৰ এটা কলমআছে।(Possession / অধিকাৰ)
The Main Types of Verbs (ক্ৰিয়াপদৰ প্ৰকাৰ)
1. Transitive Verb (সকর্মক ক্ৰিয়া)
2. Intransitive Verb (অকর্মক ক্ৰিয়া)
3. Auxiliary / Helping Verb (সহায়ক ক্ৰিয়াপদ)
4. Finite and Non-finite Verbs (সমাপিকা আৰু অসমাপিকা ক্ৰিয়া)
1. Finite Verb (সমাপিকা ক্ৰিয়া)
A Finite Verb is a verb that completes the meaning of a sentence. It changes its form according to the tense (কাল), the person (পুৰুষ), and the number of the subject.
অসমীয়া ব্যাকৰণত ইয়াকসমাপিকা ক্ৰিয়াবোলে— অৰ্থাৎ যি ক্ৰিয়াপদে বাক্যৰ ভাবটো সম্পূৰ্ণকৈ শেষ কৰে (finishes the sentence).
- Example 1: He goes to school. / সি স্কুললৈযায়।
- Example 2: I wrote a letter. / মই এখন চিঠিলিখিছিলোঁ।
Key Rule: If you change the tense (e.g., goes becomes went) or change the person (e.g., He goes becomes I go), a Finite Verb changes its spelling/form.
2. Non-finite Verb (অসমাপিকা ক্ৰিয়া)
A Non-finite Verb does not complete the meaning of a sentence on its own. It does not change its form regardless of changes in the tense, person, or number of the subject.
অসমীয়া ব্যাকৰণত ইয়াকঅসমাপিকা ক্ৰিয়াবোলে— অৰ্থাৎ এই ক্ৰিয়াপদে বাক্যৰ অৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব নোৱাৰে। বাক্যটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিবলৈ ই সদায় এটা Finite Verb-অৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে।
- Example 1: He likes to play football. / সি ফুটবলখেলিবলৈভাল পায়।
- Example 2: I saw a running bus. / মই এখনচলন্তবাছ দেখিলো।
Key Rule: Notice how “to play” (খেলিবলৈ) or “running” (চলন্ত) do not change even if we change the tense of the sentence.
Direct Comparison (তুলাচনামূলক পাৰ্থক্য)
Let’s look at a sentence that contains both types of verbs to understand the exact difference clearly:
Sentence: “সি ভাতখাইস্কুললৈযাব।”(He will go to school after eating rice.)
| Word in Sentence | English Equivalent | Verb Type | Why? |
| খাই | Eating / Having eaten | Non-finite(অসমাপিকা) | If you only say “সি ভাত খাই…”, the sentence feels incomplete. It doesn’t show the final action. |
| যাব | Will go | Finite(সমাপিকা) | This word completely closes the sentence and gives it a clear meaning. |
Three Types of Non-finite Verbs in English
For Class VIII grammar, it is helpful to know that Non-finite verbs show up in English in three main structures:
- Infinitive (to + Verb): He wants to read. (সিপঢ়িবলৈবিচাৰে।)
- Gerund (Verb + ing acting as a Noun):Walking is good for health. (খোজকঢ়াটোস্বাস্থ্যৰ বাবে ভাল।)
- Participle (Verb acting as an Adjective): Do not jump from a moving train. (চলন্তৰেলৰ পৰা জপিয়াব নালাগে।)
TEST QUESTION PAPER
Subject: English Grammar (Finite and Non-finite Verbs)Class: VIII | Total Marks: 20
Q1. Identify the underlined verbs as Finite or Non-finite: (1 × 5 = 5 Marks)
- She wants to buy a new bicycle.
- Walking is a good exercise.
- The children love to play in the park.
- They played football yesterday afternoon.
- Hearing the noise, the thief ran away.
Q1 Answers:
- wants – Finite Verb (ই Subject ‘She’ আৰু Present Tense অনুযায়ী সলনি হৈছে।)
- Walking – Non-finite Verb (ইয়াত ই Gerund হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছে আৰু Tense সলনি হ’লেও একেই থাকিব।)
- to play – Non-finite Verb (ই Infinitive ৰূপত আছে।)
- played – Finite Verb (ই Past Tense বুজাইছে আৰু বাক্যটো সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছে।)
- ran – Finite Verb (ই বাক্যটোৰ প্ৰধান ক্ৰিয়া যিয়ে ভাব সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিছে।)
Q2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets (Finite or Non-finite): (1 × 5 = 5 Marks)
- We went to the market __________ (buy) some vegetables.
- Fire __________ (burn) and water cools.
- I saw a __________ (fly) bird in the sky.
- He __________ (write) a letter to his father last night.
- __________ (swim) is his favorite hobby.
Q2 Answers:
- We went to the market to buy some vegetables. (Non-finite / Infinitive)
- Fire burns and water cools. (Finite Verb / Simple Present)
- I saw a flying bird in the sky. (Non-finite / Participle)
- He wrote a letter to his father last night. (Finite Verb / Simple Past)
- Swimming is his favorite hobby. (Non-finite / Gerund)
Q3. Underline the Finite verbs and circle the Non-finite verbs in the following sentences: (1 × 5 = 5 Marks)
- The crying baby finally fell asleep.
- Rina likes to read Assamese novels.
- Having completed his homework, Rohit went out to play.
- Barking dogs seldom bite.
- I want you to study hard for the exams.
Q3 Answers:
(পৰীক্ষাত বহী লিখোঁতে underline বা circle কৰিবলৈ ক’ব লাগে, তলত স্পষ্টকৈ দেখুওৱা হ’ল)
- The crying (Non-finite) baby finally fell (Finite) asleep.
- Rina likes (Finite) to read (Non-finite) Assamese novels.
- Having completed (Non-finite) his homework, Rohit went (Finite) out to play (Non-finite).
- Barking (Non-finite) dogs seldom bite (Finite).
- I want (Finite) you to study (Non-finite) hard for the exams.
Q4. Rewrite the sentences as directed: (1 × 5 = 5 Marks)
- “He goes to school.” (Change the verb into past tense finite verb)
- Combine using a Non-finite verb (Infinitive): “He went to Guwahati. He wanted to visit the zoo.”
- Combine using a Non-finite verb (Participle): “She opened the door. She saw a snake.”
- Identify the object-taking finite verb (Transitive) in: “The boy caught a fish.”
- State whether the underlined word is a Finite or Non-finite verb: “I saw a running train.”
Q4 Answers:
- He went to school.
- He went to Guwahati to visit the zoo.
- Opening the door, she saw a snake.
- caught (caught হৈছে finite transitive verb আৰু ‘a fish’ হৈছে ইয়াৰ object).
- Non-finite Verb (ই এটা Present Participle যি train শব্দটোক qualify কৰি Adjective-ৰ কাম কৰিছে)।
********* END *******
১. Finite Verb (সসীম ক্ৰিয়া)
যিবোৰ Verb বা ক্ৰিয়াপদে বাক্যটোৰ কাল (Tense), বচন (Number) আৰু পুরুষ (Person) অনুসৰি নিজৰ ৰূপ সলনি কৰে আৰু বাক্যটোৰ অৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰে, তাক Finite Verb বোলে।
মুখ্য বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ:
- ই বাক্যৰ ঘাই/মুখ্য ক্ৰিয়া (Main Verb) হিচাপে কাম কৰে।
- Subject (কৰ্ত্তা) সলনি হ’লে বা Tense সলনি হ’লে ইয়াৰ ৰূপো সলনি হয়।
উদাহৰণ:
- He plays football. (ই অতীত কাল হ’লে: He played football.)
- They play football. (Subject ‘They’ হোৱাৰ বাবে ‘plays’ ৰ পৰা ‘play’ হ’ল।)
মনত ৰাখিব: ইয়াত plays আৰু played হ’ল Finite Verb।
২. Non-Finite Verb (অসীম ক্ৰিয়া)
যিবোৰ Verb-এ বাক্যৰ Tense, Number বা Person সলনি হ’লেও নিজৰ ৰূপ সলনি নকৰে আৰু বাক্যটোৰ অৰ্থ অকলে সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব নোৱাৰে, তাক Non-Finite Verb বোলে।
মুখ্য বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ:
- ই বাক্যত Tense দেখুৱাব নোৱাৰে।
- ই বাক্যত ক্ৰিয়াৰ উপৰিও Noun, Adjective বা Adverb হিচাপেও কাম কৰিব পাৰে।
উদাহৰণ:
- He likes to play football.
- They liked to play football.
মনত ৰাখিব: ইয়াত Tense সলনি হোৱাৰ পাছতো to play অংশটো একেই আছে। গতিকে to play হ’ল Non-Finite Verb।
Non-Finite Verb ৰ প্ৰকাৰ (Types of Non-Finite Verbs)
Non-Finite Verb ক ঘাইকৈ তিনিটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয়:
- Infinitive: Verb-ৰ মূল ৰূপৰ আগত ‘to’ যোগ হৈ গঠিত হয়।
- উদাহৰণ: I want to learn English.
- Gerund: Verb-ৰ শেষত ‘-ing’ যোগ হৈ Noun-ৰ দৰে কাম কৰে।
- উদাহৰণ: Swimming is a good exercise.
- Participle: Present Participle (
verb + ing) বা Past Participle (v3), যিয়ে Adjective বা সহায়কাৰী ক্ৰিয়া হিচাপে কাম কৰে।- উদাহৰণ: I saw a flying bird. / The broken chair.
4 .Bare Infinitive : সাধাৰণতে, Infinitive গঠন কৰিবলৈ Verb (ক্ৰিয়াপদ)-ৰ মূল ৰূপৰ (Base form) আগত ‘to’ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয় (যেনে: to go, to play, to read)।
কিন্তু যেতিয়া কোনো বাক্যত ‘to’ ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰাকৈ কেৱল Verb-ৰ মূল ৰূপটো Infinitive হিচাপে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, তাক Bare Infinitive (বা Infinitive without ‘to’) বোলে।
উদাহৰণৰ সহায়ত বুজি লওঁক:
- Full Infinitive (to সহ): She wants to go home.
- Bare Infinitive (to নোহোৱাকৈ): She can go home.
উপৰৰ দ্বিতীয় বাক্যটোত go শব্দটো এটা Infinitive, কিন্তু ইয়াৰ আগত ‘to’ লগোৱা হোৱা নাই। গতিকে go হ’ল Bare Infinitive।
Bare Infinitive ক’ত ক’ত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়?
অসমীয়া অনুবাদ আৰু ব্যৱহাৰৰ নিয়মসমূহ তলত দিয়া হ’ল:
১. Modal Auxiliary Verbs ৰ পাছত:
(can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must আদিৰ পাছত ‘to’ নবহে)
- You must do the work. (তুমি কামটো কৰিবই লাগিব।)
- He can speak English. (তেওঁ ইংৰাজী ক’ব পাৰে।)
২. কিছুমান বিশেষ Verb ৰ পাছত:
(make, let, bid, see, hear, watch আদি শব্দৰ পাছত Object ৰ পাছত Bare Infinitive বসে)
- My teacher made me write the answer. (মোৰ শিক্ষকে মোক উত্তৰটো লিখোৱালে।)
- Let him go. (তেওঁক যাবলৈ দিয়া।)
- I saw her cross the road. (মই তাইক ৰাস্তা পাৰ হোৱা দেখিলোঁ।)
৩. ‘had better’, ‘would rather’, ‘had sooner’ ৰ পাছত:
- You had better leave now. (তোমাৰ এতিয়াই ওলাই যোৱাটো ভাল হ’ব।)
- I would rather die than beg. (মই ভিformat খোজাতকৈ মৰাটো বিচাৰিম।)
চমু সাৰাংশ (Quick Summary):
| প্ৰকাৰ | গঠন | উদাহৰণ |
| To-Infinitive | to + Verb | I want to read. |
| Bare Infinitive | কেৱল Verb (‘to’ নোহোৱাকৈ) | Let me read. |
দুয়োটার মূল পার্থক্য (প্ৰভেদ):
| বিষয় | Finite Verb (সসীম ক্ৰিয়া) | Non-Finite Verb (অসীম ক্ৰিয়া) |
| Tense অনুযায়ী পৰিৱৰ্তন | Tense সলনি হ’লে ৰূপ সলনি হয়। | Tense সলনি হ’লেও ৰূপ সলনি নহয়। |
| Subject ৰ প্ৰভাৱ | Subject (Singular/Plural) ৰ লগত সলনি হয়। | Subject-ৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ নকৰে। |
| বাক্য সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা | বাক্যটোৰ অৰ্থ অকলে সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিব পাৰে। | বাক্যটোৰ অৰ্থ সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰিবলৈ Finite Verb-ৰ প্ৰয়োজন হয়। |
***** END ******
Informal Letter
Informal Letterমানে হৈছে বন্ধু-বান্ধৱ, আত্মীয়-স্বজন বা চিনাকি লোকক লিখা ব্যক্তিগত চিঠি।
Uses of Informal Letters
Informal letters are written for :(অনানুষ্ঠানিক চিঠি লিখা হয়:)
- sharing news (বাতৰি শ্বেয়াৰ কৰা)
- inviting someone (কাৰোবাক নিমন্ত্ৰণ কৰা)
- congratulating (অভিনন্দন জনাই)
- thanking (ধন্যবাদ জনাই)
- expressing feelings (অনুভৱ প্ৰকাশ কৰি)
- asking about health and studies (স্বাস্থ্য আৰু অধ্যয়নৰ বিষয়ে সোধি)
Features of an Informal Letter
| English | Assamese Meaning |
| Personal | ব্যক্তিগত |
| Friendly language | বন্ধুসুলভ ভাষা |
| Simple words | সহজ শব্দ |
| No strict rules | কটকটীয়া নিয়ম নাই |
Format of an Informal Letter
Structure
- Address
- Date
- Salutation
- Body of the Letter
- Closing
- Signature/Name
Simple Format
House No. 10
Diphu, Assam
Date: 23-05-2026
Dear Friend,
How are you? I hope you are fine.
(Body of the letter)
Yours lovingly,
Rahim
Important Points
- Use simple and friendly language. (সহজ আৰু বন্ধুত্বপূৰ্ণ ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবা ।)
- Write short and meaningful sentences. (চুটি আৰু অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ বাক্য লিখিবা ।)
- Divide the body into small paragraphs. (Body টো সৰু সৰু অনুচ্ছেদত ভাগ কৰিবা ।)
- Express feelings naturally. (অনুভৱবোৰ স্বাভাৱিকভাৱে প্ৰকাশ কৰিবা ।)
Example 1: Letter to a Friend About Summer Vacation
Diphu, Assam
Date: 23-05-2026
Dear Ali,
How are you? I hope you are fine. I am also fine here.
Our summer vacation has started. I am spending my holidays happily. Every morning I play cricket with my friends. In the afternoon I read story books and help my parents at home. Sometimes I visit my grandparents. I am enjoying my vacation very much.
Please write to me about your vacation.
Yours lovingly,
Rahim
Example 2: Letter to Father Asking for Money
Hostel No. 2
ABC School
Date: 23-05-2026
Dear Father,
I hope you are well. I am also fine here.
Our examination will begin next month. I need some books and school materials for my studies. So, kindly send me some money as early as possible.
Please convey my regards to mother.
Yours affectionately,
Karim
Common Topics for Informal Letters
- Letter to a friend inviting him to a birthday party
- Letter to father about studies
- Letter to friend describing a picnic
- Letter congratulating a friend
- Letter thanking someone
- Letter describing your school
Difference Between Formal and Informal Letters
| Formal Letter | Informal Letter |
| Official | Personal |
| Polite & formal language | Friendly language |
| Written to authorities | Written to friends/relatives |
| Strict format | Simple format |
Activity:
1. Write a letter to your parents giving information about your preparation for the Annual Examination.
Ans:-
Hostel No. 5
Dreamland Academy
Juria, Nagaon, Assam
Date: 23-05-2026
Dear Parents,
I hope both of you are well. I am also fine here.
Our Annual Examination will begin next month. I am preparing well for the examination. I attend all my classes regularly and study every day according to a routine. I have completed most of my syllabus and now I am revising the important questions. My teachers are also helping me in my studies.
Please do not worry about me. I hope to do well in the examination with your blessings.
Convey my regards to grandparents and love to my younger sister.
Yours lovingly,
Rahim
2. Write a letter to your friend telling him/her about a place of historical importance that you visited recently.
Ans:-
Juria, Nagaon, Assam
Date: 23-05-2026
Dear Raju,
How are you? I hope you are fine. I am also fine here.
Last week, I visited the Taj Mahal in Agra with my parents. It is a famous historical monument built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The building is made of white marble and looks very beautiful. Many tourists from different countries come to see it every year.
I learned many interesting things about Mughal history during my visit. The gardens and fountains around the Taj Mahal were also very attractive. I enjoyed the visit very much.
I wish you could visit the place someday.
Please write to me soon.
Yours lovingly,
Rahim
********** END ******
Narration (Speech)
Narrationমানে হৈছে —
কাৰোবাৰ কথা আনজনক কোৱা বা লিখা।
ইংৰাজীত Narration ক দুটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয়—
- Direct Speech (প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
- Indirect Speech / Reported Speech (পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)
1. Direct Speech (প্ৰত্যক্ষ উক্তি)
যেতিয়া বক্তাৰ কথা একেবাৰে সেইদৰে উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্ন (“ ”) ৰ ভিতৰত লিখা হয়, তাক Direct Speech বোলে।
Structure
Speaker + Reporting Verb + “Speech”
Example
Ram said, “I am happy.”
ইয়াত “I am happy” হৈছে বক্তাৰ আসল কথা।
সেয়ে ই Direct Speech।
2. Indirect Speech / Reported Speech (পৰোক্ষ উক্তি)
যেতিয়া বক্তাৰ কথা নিজৰ ভাষাত কোৱা হয় আৰু উদ্ধৃতি চিহ্ন নাথাকে, তাক Indirect Speech বোলে।
Example
Ram said that he was happy.
Parts of Direct Speech
Example
Rina said, “I play football.”
এই বাক্যত—
| Part | Meaning |
| Rina | Speaker |
| said | Reporting Verb |
| “I play football” | Reported Speech |
Important Rules of Narration Change
Rule 1 — Inverted Commas (“ ”) আঁতৰাই দিব লাগে
Direct He said, “I am busy.”
Indirect He said that he was busy.
Rule 2 — “that” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়
Statement বাক্যত সাধাৰণতে “that” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Example
Direct: Mina said, “I am tired.”
Indirect: Mina said that she was tired.
Rule 3 — Pronoun Change
Pronoun অৰ্থ অনুসৰি সলনি হয়।
Example
Direct: Rahim said, “I am honest.”
Indirect: Rahim said that he was honest.
“I” → “he” হৈছে।
Rule 4 — Tense Change
যদি Reporting Verb অতীত কালত থাকে (said, told), তেন্তে Reported Speech ৰ Tense সাধাৰণতে Past হয়।
Tense Change Table
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| Present Simple | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
Examples
| Direct | Indirect |
| He said, “I write a letter.” | He said that he wrote a letter. |
| She said, “I am reading.” | She said that she was reading. |
| Ravi said, “I have done the work.” | Ravi said that he had done the work. |
| He said, “I will go.” | He said that he would go. |
Rule 5 — Change of Time Words
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| yesterday | the previous day |
| now | then |
| here | there |
| ago | before |
Example
Direct: He said, “I will come tomorrow.”
Indirect: He said that he would come the next day.
Types of Sentences in Narration
- Assertive Sentence
- Interrogative Sentence
- Imperative Sentence
- Exclamatory Sentence
1. Assertive Sentence
সাধাৰণ বাক্য।
Example
Direct: He said, “I am busy.”
Indirect: He said that he was busy.
2. Interrogative Sentence (প্ৰশ্নবোধক)
প্ৰশ্নবোধক বাক্যত “asked” ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Yes/No Question
Direct He said to me, “Are you happy?”
Indirect He asked me if I was happy.
WH Question
Direct She said, “Where do you live?”
Indirect She asked where I lived.
Rule for Interrogative Sentence
- said → asked
- question form → statement form
- question mark বাদ যায়
3. Imperative Sentence (আদেশ/অনুৰোধ)
এনে বাক্যত ordered, requested, advised আদি ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
Examples
Direct Teacher said to the boys, “Work hard.”
Indirect Teacher advised the boys to work hard.
Direct Mother said to me, “Please help me.”
Indirect Mother requested me to help her.
4. Exclamatory Sentence
আনন্দ, দুখ, আশ্চৰ্য প্ৰকাশ কৰে।
Examples
Direct He said, “Hurrah! We won the match.”
Indirect He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Direct She said, “Alas! He is dead.”
Indirect She exclaimed with sorrow that he was dead.
Special Reporting Verbs
| Direct Expression | Indirect Verb |
| said | said/told |
| said to | told |
| asked question | asked |
| request | requested |
| advice | advised |
| order | ordered |
Use of Told
“told” ৰ পিছত object থাকিব লাগে।
Example
Correct: He told me that he was busy.
Wrong: He told that he was busy.
Important Examples
Example 1
Direct: Rita said, “I like tea.”
Indirect: Rita said that she liked tea.
Example 2
Direct: Father said to me, “Study regularly.”
Indirect: Father advised me to study regularly.
Example 3
Direct: He said, “Can you help me?”
Indirect: He asked if I could help him.
Exercise
Change into Indirect Speech
- Ram said, “I am happy.”
- She said, “I will go to school.”
- Mother said to me, “Do your homework.”
- He said, “Where do you live?”
- Teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
Change into Direct Speech
- He said that he was tired.
- Father advised me to obey my teachers.
- She asked me if I knew the answer.
Fill in the Blanks
- Direct speech uses ______ commas.
- “said to” changes into ______ in interrogative sentences.
- “will” changes into ______ in indirect speech.
- “today” changes into ______.
- Imperative sentences often use ______ or advised.
Conclusion
Narration হৈছে বক্তাৰ কথা আনজনক কোৱাৰ নিয়ম। Direct Speech ত বক্তাৰ আসল কথা থাকে, আৰু Indirect Speech ত সেই কথা নিজৰ ভাষাত কোৱা হয়। Narration ভালদৰে শিকিলে ইংৰাজী Grammar অধিক সহজ হয়।
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Negative and Interrogative
১. ইংৰাজীত বাক্য Negative কৰাৰ নিয়ম
ইংৰাজীতে বাক্য এটা Negative কৰিবলৈ সাধাৰণতেAuxiliary Verb (সহায়ক ক্ৰিয়া)যেনে— is, am, are, was, were, have, has, do, does, did, can, willআদিৰ পিছতnotবহুওৱা হয়।
নিয়ম আৰু উদাহৰণ:
- আক্সিলিয়েলী ভাৰ্ব (Auxiliary Verb)থকা বাক্যত:
- Rule: Subject + Auxiliary Verb + not + Main Verb + Object
- Affirmative (হা-বোধক): He is a student.
- Negative (না-বোধক): He is not a student.
- Affirmative: Ramen can fly kites.
- Negative: Ramen cannot fly kites.
- Simple Present Tense-অত (য’ত Auxiliary Verbনাথাকে):
- Rule: Subject + do not / does not + Present Form of Verb
- Affirmative: I read books.
- Negative: I do not read books.
- Affirmative: She likes tea.
- Negative: She does not like tea.
- Simple Past Tense-অত:
- Rule: Subject + did not + Present Form of Verb
- Affirmative: They played football.
- Negative: They did not play football.
মুখ্য না-বোধক শব্দবোৰ:
not, no, never, nobody, no one, none
১. ইংৰাজীত বাক্য Interrogative কৰাৰ নিয়ম
ইংৰাজীত বাক্য এটা প্ৰশ্নবোধক কৰিবলৈAuxiliary Verb (সহায়ক ক্ৰিয়া)টোSubject (কৰ্তা)ৰ আগলৈ অনা হয়।
নিয়ম আৰু উদাহৰণ:
- আক্সিলিয়েলী ভাৰ্ব (Auxiliary Verb / Be Verb / Modal)থকা বাক্যত:
- Rule: Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object + ?
- Assertive (সাধাৰণ বাক্য): Ramen can fly kites.
- Interrogative (প্ৰশ্নবোধক):Can Ramen fly kites?
- Assertive: He is a student.
- Interrogative:Is he a student?
- Simple Present Tense-অত (য’ত Auxiliary Verbনাথাকে):
- Rule:Do / Does + Subject + Present Form of Verb + Object + ?
- I, You, We, Theyৰ সৈতে
Doবহিব।
- He, She, It, Single Nameৰ সৈতে
Doesবহিব (আৰু মূল Verb ৰ ‘s/es’গুচি যাব)।
- Assertive: They play football.
- Interrogative:Do they play football?
- Assertive: She likes tea.
- Interrogative:Does she like tea?
- Simple Past Tense-অত:
- Rule:Did + Subject + Present Form of Verb + Object + ?
- Assertive: He went to school.
- Interrogative:Did he go to school?
বিশেষ মন কৰিবলগীয়া:
ইংৰাজীত প্ৰশ্নবোধক বাক্য সদায় এটাQuestion Mark ( ? )ৰে শেষ হ’ব লাগে।
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NON-CONTINUOUS VERB
অ-নিৰৱচ্ছিন্ন ক্ৰিয়াপদ (Non-continuous verbs বা Stative verbs) বোৰ এনে কিছুমান ক্ৰিয়াপদ, যিবোৰে কোনোদৈহিক কাৰ্য বা গতিশীল ক্ৰিয়া (action)নুবুজাই মানুহৰমনৰ অৱস্থা, অনুভূতি, মালিকীস্বত্ব, জ্ঞান বা ইন্দ্ৰিয়ৰ অনুভৱপ্ৰকাশ কৰে।
ইংৰাজী ব্যাকৰণত এই ক্ৰিয়াবোৰ সাধাৰণতে Continuous (Progressive) tenses-অত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা নহয় (যেনে:“I am knowing”বোলা নহয়, “I know”বুলিহে কোৱা হয়)।
অসমীয়া ভাষাতো এনে ধাৰণাবোৰ প্ৰকাশ কৰোঁতেচলমান বা নিৰৱচ্ছিন্ন ক্ৰিয়াৰ প্ৰত্যয়ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰিসাধাৰণ বৰ্তমান কাল (Simple Present Tense)বাঅৱস্থা সূচক বাক্যবিন্যাসব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
Key Categories of Non-Continuous Verbs in Assamese
1. Mental States & Cognition (মানসিক অৱস্থা আৰু বোধ)
These verbs express thinking, understanding, knowing, or remembering.
| Verb / Concept | English Meaning | Assamese Example | Standard Usage |
| জানা / গম পোৱা (jana / gompowa) | To know | মই কথাটো জানোঁ। (Moi kothatujanü.) | “I know the matter.” (Not “I am knowing”) |
| বুজি পোৱা (bujipowa) | To understand | তেওঁ ইংৰাজী বুজি পায়। (Teöingrajibuji pay.) | “He understands English.” |
| মনত থকা / ৰখা (monotthoka / rokha) | To remember | মোৰ নামটো মনত আছে। (Mürnamtumonotase.) | “I remember the name.” (Lit: “The name is in my mind.”) |
| ভাবা (bhaba) | To think / believe | মই ভাবোঁ তেওঁ শুদ্ধ। (Moi bhabüteöxuddho.) | “I think he is right.” |
2. Feelings & Emotions (অনুভূতি আৰু আৱেগ)
These express likes, dislikes, wants, and emotional responses.
| Verb / Concept | English Meaning | Assamese Example | Standard Usage |
| ভাল পোৱা (bhalpowa) | To love / like | মই গান শুনি ভাল পাোঁ। (Moi ganxunibhalpaü.) | “I like listening to music.” |
| বেয়া পোৱা (beyapowa) | To hate / dislike | তেওঁ মিছা কথা বেয়া পায়। (Teömisa kotha beya pay.) | “He dislikes lies.” |
| বিচৰা / ইচ্ছা কৰা (bisora / issa kora) | To want / wish | মোৰ একাপ চাহ লাগে/বিচাৰোঁ। (Mürekapsahlage/bisarü.) | “I want a cup of tea.” |
3. Possession & Existence (অধিকাৰ আৰু উপস্থিতি)
In Assamese, possession is often expressed using the existential verb আছ- (as-) along with a genitive pronoun (মোৰ, তোমাৰ, তেওঁৰ), rather than an active continuous verb.
| Verb / Concept | English Meaning | Assamese Example | Structure Note |
| থকা / থকা অৱস্থা (thoka) | To have / possess | মোৰ এখন ডাঙৰ গাড়ী আছে। (Mürekhondangor gari ase.) | Uses আছ- (ase), expressing state, not action. |
| হৈ থকা / অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত হোৱা | To belong / contain | এইটো মোৰ কিতাপ। (Eitu mürkitap.) | Direct possessive sentence structure. |
4. Senses & Perception (ইন্দ্ৰিয় অনুভূতি)
Verbs of involuntary perception take simple forms or compound structures with পোৱা (powa – to get/receive).
| Verb / Concept | English Meaning | Assamese Example | Standard Usage |
| দেখা পোৱা / দেখা (dekhapowa) | To see | মই পক্ষীটো দেখিছোঁ / দেখিবলৈ পাইছোঁ। | Expresses immediate perception, not a continuous process. |
| শুনা পোৱা / শুনা (xunapowa) | To hear | মই এটা শব্দ শুনিছোঁ। (Moi eta xobdoxunisü.) | “I hear a sound.” |
| গোন্ধ পোৱা (gondhopowa) | To smell | ইয়ালৈ কিবা গোন্ধ ওলাইছে / পাইছোঁ। | Involuntary sensing. |
How Assamese Handles Non-Continuous Sentences
- Avoidance of Continuous Markers: Unlike dynamic action verbs where you say মই লিখি আছোঁ (Moi likhiasü – “I am writing”), non-continuous concepts rarely use আছ- in a progressive sense:
- Incorrect:মই কথাটো জানি আছোঁ (Unnatural translation of “I am knowing the matter”).
- Correct:মই কথাটো জানোঁ (Moi kothatujanü – “I know the matter”).
- Use of Possessive + Existential Verb: Concepts like “having” or “needing” turn into states of being:
- English: “I am needing help.” (Incorrect English state)
- Assamese: মোৰ সহায় লাগে। (Mürxohaylage – “To me, help is needed.”)
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Noun and Pronoun
১. বিশেষ্য পদ (Noun)
যিবোৰ পদৰ দ্বাৰা কোনো ব্যক্তি, বস্তু, স্থান, জাতি, সমষ্টি, গুণ, অৱস্থা বা কাৰ্যৰ নাম বুজোৱা হয়, তাকে বিশেষ্য পদ (Noun) বোলে।
অসমীয়া আৰু ইংৰাজী ব্যাকৰণত বিশেষ্য পদক মূলতঃ ৫ টা ভাগত ভাগ কৰা হয়:
(ক) সংজ্ঞাবাচক বা নামবাচক বিশেষ্য (Proper Noun)
যি পদে কোনো নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, স্থান, নদী, পৰ্বত, গ্ৰন্থ আদিৰ নাম স্পষ্টকৈ বুজায়।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা, গুৱাহাটী, ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ, কীৰ্তন ঘূষা।
- English Examples:
- Person: Lakshminath Bezbaroa, John, Rahul.
- Place / River: Guwahati, India, The Brahmaputra.
- Book / Newspaper: The Geeta, The Assam Tribune.
- Sentence: Guwahati is a big city. (গোহাাটী এখন ডাঙৰ নগৰ।)
(খ) জাতিবাচক বিশেষ্য (Common Noun)
যি পদে কোনো এটা নির্দিষ্ট নাম নুবুজাই একে জাতি বা শ্ৰেণীৰ সকলো বস্তুক প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰে।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: মানুহ, গৰু, চৰাই, নদী, গছ, কিতাপ।
- English Examples:Man, Cow, Bird, River, Tree, Book, Teacher.
- Sentence: The teacher is reading a book. (শিক্ষকজনে এখন কিতাপ পঢ়ি আছে।)
(গ) বস্তুবাচক বা দ্ৰব্যবাচক বিশেষ্য (Material Noun)
যি পদে কোনো গণনা কৰিব নোৱাৰা, কিন্তু ওজন বা জোখ-মাখ কৰিব পৰা দ্ৰব্য বা বস্তুক বুজায়।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: পানী, গাখীৰ, সোণ, ৰূপ, চাউল, তেল।
- English Examples:Water, Milk, Gold, Silver, Rice, Oil, Iron.
- Sentence: Gold is a precious metal. (সোণ এবিধ মূল্যবান ধাতু।)
(ঘ) সমষ্টিবাচক বিশেষ্য (Collective Noun)
যি পদে কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ একত্ৰিত গোট বা সমাহাৰক বুজায়।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: ৰাইজ, দল, ঝাঁক, পাল, শ্ৰেণী।
- English Examples:Team, Flock (চৰাই বা ভেৰাৰ জাক), Crowd (মানুহৰ ভিৰ), Class, Army, Herd (গৰু-মহৰ পাল).
- Sentence: Our team won the match. (আমাৰ দলে খেলখনত জয়লাভ কৰিলে।)
(ঙ) গুণবাচক বা ভাৱবাচক বিশেষ্য (Abstract Noun)
যি পদে কোনো বস্তু বা ব্যক্তিৰ গুণ, অৱস্থা, মনৰ ভাৱ বা কাৰ্যৰ নাম বুজায় (যাক চকুৰে দেখা নাযায়, কেৱল অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰি)।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: দয়া, মৰম, সত্য, সৌন্দৰ্য, সাধুতা, সৰু কাল / শৈশৱ।
- English Examples:Honesty, Kindness, Love, Beauty, Truth, Childhood.
- Sentence: Honesty is the best policy. (সাধুতা শ্ৰেষ্ঠ পন্থা।)
২. সৰ্বনাম পদ (Pronoun)
বিশেষ্য পদৰ পৰিৱৰ্তে (অৰ্থাৎ নামৰ সলনি) যিবোৰ পদ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়, তাকে সৰ্বনাম পদ (Pronoun) বোলে।
উদাহৰণ / Example:
Name repeated: Rahul is absent because Rahul is ill. (ৰাহুল অনুপস্থিত কাৰণ ৰাহুল নৰিয়া।)
With Pronoun: Rahul is absent because he is ill. (ৰাহুল অনুপস্থিত কাৰণ তেওঁ নৰিয়া।)
(ক) পুৰুষবাচক সৰ্বনাম (Personal Pronoun)
ব্যক্তি বা পুৰুষৰ সলনি ব্যৱহৃত সৰ্বনাম।
- উত্তম পুৰুষ (First Person):
- অসমীয়া: মই, আমি।
- English: I, We, Me, Us.
- মধ্যম পুৰুষ (Second Person):
- অসমীয়া: তই, তুমি, আপুনি, তোমালোক, আপোনালোক।
- English: You (একবচন আৰু বহুবচন দুয়োটাতে ব্যৱহাৰ হয়)।
- প্ৰথম পুৰুষ / নাম পুৰুষ (Third Person):
- অসমীয়া: সি, তাই, তেওঁ, এওঁ, ইহঁত, সিহঁত।
- English: He, She, It, They, Him, Her, Them.
(খ) নিৰ্দেশাত্মক সৰ্বনাম (Demonstrative Pronoun)
কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুক আঙুলিয়াই বা নির্দিষ্ট কৰি দেখুৱাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সৰ্বনাম।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: এইটো, সেইখন, সৌটো।
- English Examples:This, That, These, Those.
- Sentence: This is my pen. (এইটো মোৰ কলম।) / That is your book. (সেইখন তোমাৰ কিতাপ।)
(গ) অনিৰ্দিষ্টবাচক সৰ্বনাম (Indefinite Pronoun)
কোনো নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুক নুবুজাই অনিশ্চিতভাৱে বুজোৱা সৰ্বনাম।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: কোনোবা, কিবা, কাৰোবাৰ, সকলো।
- English Examples:Someone, Anybody, Something, All, None, Many.
- Sentence: Someone is at the door. (দুৱাৰদলিত কোনোবা এজন আছে।)
(ঘ) প্ৰশ্নবাচক সৰ্বনাম (Interrogative Pronoun)
প্ৰশ্ন সুধিবলৈ বিশেষ্যৰ সলনি ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সৰ্বনাম।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: কোন, কি, কাৰ।
- English Examples:Who, What, Which, Whose, Whom.
- Sentence: Who is calling you? (তোমাক কোনে মাতিছে?) / What do you want? (তোমাক কি লাগে?)
(ঙ) সম্বন্ধবাচক বা সাপেক্ষ সৰ্বনাম (Relative Pronoun)
বাক্যৰ দুটা অংশ বা পদৰ মাজত সম্পৰ্ক স্থাপন কৰা সৰ্বনাম।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: যি… সি / তেওঁ।
- English Examples:Who, Which, That, Whose.
- Sentence: The boy who came here is my brother. (যিজনে ল’ৰা ইয়ালৈ আহিছিল সি মোৰ ভায়েক।)
(চ) আত্মবাচক সৰ্বনাম (Reflexive Pronoun)
নিজকে বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সৰ্বনাম।
- অসমীয়া উদাহৰণ: নিজে, আপোনা-আপুনি।
- English Examples:Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Themselves.
- Sentence: I will do the work myself. (মই নিজে কামটো কৰিম।)
চমু তুলনা তালিকা (Summary Table)
| পদৰ প্ৰকাৰ | অসমীয়া | English Equivalent | Quick Example |
| Proper Noun | সংজ্ঞাবাচক | Specific Name | Assam, Rahul |
| Common Noun | জাতিবাচক | Class / General Name | River, Student |
| Material Noun | বস্তুবাচক | Uncountable Substance | Water, Silver |
| Collective Noun | সমষ্টিবাচক | Group Name | Class, Team |
| Abstract Noun | গুণবাচক | Quality / Emotion | Honesty, Childhood |
| Personal Pronoun | পুৰুষবাচক | Person substitution | I, You, He, They |
| Demonstrative Pronoun | নিৰ্দেশাত্মক | Pointing out | This, That, These |
| Indefinite Pronoun | অনিৰ্দিষ্টবাচক | Not specific | Someone, All |
| Interrogative Pronoun | প্ৰশ্নবাচক | Asking Question | Who, What |
| Relative Pronoun | সম্বন্ধবাচক | Linking clauses | Who, Which |
| Reflexive Pronoun | আত্মবাচক | Self-referencing | Myself, Himself |
Proper Noun and Common Noun:
Proper Noun (বিশেষ নামবাচক বিশেষ্য) আৰু Common Noun (জাতিবাচক বিশেষ্য) ৰ পৰিভাষা আৰু উদাহৰণ তলত সহজ ভাষাত বুজাই দিয়া হ’ল:
১. Proper Noun (বিশেষ নামবাচক বিশেষ্য)
যিবোৰ শব্দই কোনো নির্দিষ্ট মানুহ, ঠাই, নদী, পাহাৰ, কিতাপ বা বস্তুৰ নাম বুজায়, তাক Proper Noun বোলে।
- মনত ৰাখিবলগীয়া কথা: Proper Noun সদায় বৰফলা (Capital Letter) ৰে আৰম্ভ হয়।
উদাহৰণ:
- Jim Corbett (এজন নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তিৰ নাম)
- Nainital (এখন নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইৰ নাম)
- Assam (এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট ৰাজ্যৰ নাম)
- Ganga (এখন নিৰ্দিষ্ট নদীৰ নাম)
২. Common Noun (জাতিবাচক বিশেষ্য)
যিবোৰ শব্দই কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট মানুহ বা বস্তুক নাবুজাই একোটা গোট, জাতি বা সাধাৰণ নাম বুজায়, তাক Common Noun বোলে।
উদাহৰণ:
- Man (মানুহ – ই কোনো এজনক নাবুজাই সমগ্ৰ মানুহ জাতিক বুজায়)
- Town / City (নগৰ বা চহৰ – যিকোনো চহৰ হ’ব পাৰে)
- River (নদী – যিকোনো নদী হ’ব পাৰে)
- Book (কিতাপ – যিকোনো কিতাপ হ’ব পাৰে)
- Dog (কুকুৰ – কুকুৰ জাতিক বুজায়)
দুয়োটার পার্থক্য (প্ৰভেদ):
| Common Noun (সাধাৰণ/জাতিবাচক নাম) | Proper Noun (নির্দিষ্ট নাম) |
| Boy (ল’ৰা) | Rahul (ৰাহুল) |
| City (চহৰ) | Guwahati (গুৱাহাটী) |
| Park (উদ্যান) | Corbett National Park |
| Dog (কুকুৰ) | Robin (ৰবিন) |
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Paragraph Writing
Paragraph writingমানে হৈছে একেটা বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত কেইবাটাও বাক্য মিলাই সজোৱা লিখনী। সকলো বাক্য একেটা মূল বিষয়ৰ লগত জড়িত থাকিব লাগে। আৰম্ভণি, মাজ আৰু শেষ থাকিব লাগে।
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one topic.
It has:
- Topic Sentence – tells the main idea.
- Supporting Sentences – give details about the topic.
- Concluding Sentence – ends the paragraph properly.
Paragraph ৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য (Features of a Good Paragraph)
| English | Assamese Meaning |
| Unity | একেটা বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত লিখা |
| Order | বাক্যসমূহ সঠিক ক্ৰমত লিখা |
| Clarity | সহজ আৰু স্পষ্ট ভাষা |
| Conclusion | ভালদৰে শেষ কৰা |
How to Write a Paragraph (Paragraph কেনেকৈ লিখিব)
Step 1: Choose the Topic (প্ৰথমে বিষয় বাছি লোৱা ।)
Example:
- My School
- A Rainy Day
- My Best Friend
Step 2: Write the Topic Sentence (প্ৰথম বাক্যত মূল বিষয় লিখিব লাগে।)
Example:My school is one of the best schools in our area.
Step 3: Add Supporting Sentences( বিষয়টোৰ বিষয়ে অধিক তথ্য লিখিব লাগে।)
Example:
- It has many classrooms.
- The teachers are kind.
- There is a big playground.
Step 4: Write the Conclusion( শেষ বাক্যত বিষয়টো শেষ কৰিব লাগে।)
Example:I am proud of my school.
Important Tips
- Use simple language.
- Write short sentences.
- Keep all sentences related to one topic.
- Use correct grammar and punctuation.
- Generally write 8–10 sentences.
Example 1: My School
My School
My school is very beautiful. Its name is Dreamland Academy. It is situated near our village. There are many classrooms in our school. The teachers are kind and helpful. We have a library and a playground. Many students study in our school. We also celebrate different functions together. I love my school very much.
Example 2: A Rainy Day
A Rainy Day
A rainy day is very enjoyable. Last Sunday it rained heavily from morning. The sky was cloudy and dark. The roads became muddy and wet. Children enjoyed playing in the rain. Farmers were happy because rain is useful for crops. I stayed at home and read story books. The weather was cool and pleasant. I enjoyed the rainy day very much.
Example 3: My Best Friend
My Best Friend
Rahim is my best friend. He studies in Class VIII with me. He is honest and hardworking. He helps me in my studies. We play together in the evening. He respects his teachers and parents. Everybody likes him for his good behaviour. I am lucky to have such a good friend.
Common Topics for Practice
- My Hobby
- A Visit to a Zoo
- Importance of Trees
- My Favourite Teacher
- Morning Walk
- Independence Day
- Computer
- A Village Fair
Activity:
1. Write a paragraph on the “Importance of internet in our life.”
Ans:-
The Importance of Internet in Our Life
The internet plays an important role in our daily life. It helps us to get information quickly from different parts of the world. Students use the internet for study and learning new things. Teachers also use it for teaching. We can communicate with friends and relatives through email, video calls and social media. The internet is also useful for online shopping, banking and booking tickets. People can watch news, movies and educational videos on the internet. During emergencies, it helps us to get important information quickly. However, we should use the internet wisely and safely. Thus, the internet has made our life easier, faster and more comfortable.
2. Write a paragraph on the “Air Pollution.”
Ans:-
Air Pollution
Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world. It happens when harmful gases, smoke and dust mix with the air. Smoke from factories, vehicles and burning of garbage are the main causes of air pollution. Cutting down trees also increases air pollution. Polluted air is harmful to human beings, animals and plants. It causes many diseases like asthma, cough and breathing problems. Air pollution also affects the climate and environment. We can reduce air pollution by planting more trees, using public transport and avoiding the burning of plastic and waste materials. People should be aware of the dangers of air pollution. Clean air is necessary for a healthy life.
********* END********
PREPOSITION(সম্পৰ্কসূচক অব্যয়)
| অব্যয় হৈছে এনে শব্দ— যাক লিংগ, বচন, পুৰুষ আদি অনুসাৰেসলনি কৰা নহয় আৰু বাক্যতসম্পৰ্ক, অনুভৱ বা সংযোগ দেখুৱায় উদাহৰণ: ত (in/at) লৈ (to) পৰা (from) আৰু (and) কিন্তু (but) |
Preposition কি?
যি শব্দই কোনো Noun (বিশেষ্য) বা Pronoun (সৰ্বনাম)-ৰ আগত বহি তাৰ লগত বাক্যৰ আন শব্দৰ সম্পৰ্ক বুজাই দিয়ে, তাকেইPrepositionবোলে।
উদাহৰণস্বৰূপ: * The book is on the table. (কিতাপখন মেজৰওপৰতআছে।)
- ইয়াত ‘on’ শব্দটোৱে কিতাপ আৰু মেজৰ মাজৰ সম্পৰ্ক বুজাইছে।
অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয় কিছুমান Preposition-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ:
১. In আৰু At-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ:
- At:সৰু ঠাই, নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময় বা কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিন্দু বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- Example: He lives atJuria. / The school starts at 9 AM.
- In:ডাঙৰ চহৰ, দেশ, মাহ, বছৰ,ঋতু বা কোনো বস্তুৰ ভিতৰত থকা বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- Example: We live in Assam. / There is water in the bottle.
২. On, Over আৰু Above-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ:
- On:বাৰ (Days) বা তাৰিখৰ (Dates) আগত বাকোনো বস্তুৰ ওপৰত লাগি থকা বুজালে।
- Example: The pen is on the notebook.
- I will meet you on Monday.
- Her birthday is on 15th August.
- Over:ওপৰেৰে পাৰ হৈ যোৱা বা স্পৰ্শ নকৰাকৈ ওপৰত থকা বুজালে।
- Example: The bird flew over the house.
- Above:বহু ওপৰত থকা বুজালে।
- Example: The sky is above our heads.
৩. To আৰু Into-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ:
- To:কোনো দিশলৈ যোৱা বুজাবলৈ।
- Example: I am going to school.
- Into:বাহিৰৰ পৰা ভিতৰলৈ গতি কৰা বুজাবলৈ।
- Example: The teacher came into the classroom.
৪. Between আৰু Among-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ:
- Between:দুটা বস্তু বা দুজন ব্যক্তিৰ মাজত বুজালে।
- Example: Divide the apple between Ram and Hari.
- Among:বহুতৰ মাজত বুজালে।
- Example: Distribute the sweets among the students.
৫.By, With (দ্বাৰা/সৈতে)
- With:কোনো সঁজুলি বা যন্ত্ৰৰ সহায়ত কাম কৰা বুজাবলৈ:
- He killed the snake with a stick. (লাঠীৰে সাপডাল মাৰিলে)
- By:যাৰ দ্বাৰা কামটো কৰা হৈছে (কৰ্তা) বা বাহনৰ যাত্ৰা বুজাবলৈ:
- The letter was written by her.
- We travel by bus.
৬.Since, For (সময়ৰ সীমা বুজাবলৈ)
- Since:এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট বিন্দুৰ পৰা (Point of time) কামটো চলি থকা বুজাবলৈ (প্ৰায় Present Perfect Continuous Tense-ত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়):
- It has been raining since morning.
- For:এটা দীঘলীয়া সময় ধৰি (Period of time) কামটো চলা বুজাবলৈ:
- It has been raining for three hours.
Appropriate Prepositions (নিৰ্দিষ্ট অব্যয়):
কিছুমান শব্দৰ পিছত সদায় নিৰ্দিষ্ট কিছুমান Preposition বহে। পৰীক্ষাত এইবোৰ প্ৰায়েই আহে:
- Abide by (মানি চলা): We must abide by the rules.
- Agree with (কাৰোবাৰ লগত সন্মত হোৱা): I agree with you.
- Agree to (কাৰোবাৰ প্ৰস্তাৱত সন্মত হোৱা): I agree to your proposal.
- Angry with (কাৰোবাৰ ওপৰত খং উঠা): The teacher is angry with him.
- Angry at (কোনো বিষয়ত খং উঠা): He was angry at my behavior.
- Appeal to (আৱেদন কৰা): He appealed to the judge.
- Apply for (আবেদন কৰা): She applied for the post.
- Beware of (সাৱধান হোৱা): Beware of pickpockets.
- Blind to (দোষৰ প্ৰতি চকু মুদা): A father should not be blind to his son’s faults.
- Blind of (চকুৰে অন্ধ): He is blind of one eye.
- Congratulate on (অভিনন্দন জনোৱা): I congratulate you on your success.
- Die of (বেমাৰত মৃত্যু হোৱা): He died of cholera.
- Die from (বেমাৰৰ বাহিৰে আন কাৰণত যেনে অতিভোজন বা আঘাতত মৃত্যু হোৱা): He died from overeating.
- Famous for (বিখ্যাত): Assam is famous for tea.
- Full of (ভৰ্তি): The glass is full of water.
- Good at (দক্ষ): He is good at Mathematics.
- Key to (চাবিকাঠি): Hard work is the key to success.
- Listen to (মনোযোগ দি শুনা): Listen to your parents.
- Look for (বিচৰা): What are you looking for?
- Look after (চোৱাচিতা কৰা): She looks after her old parents.
- Prefer to (অধিক পচন্দ কৰা): I prefer tea to coffee.
- Prevent from (বাধা দিয়া): Rain prevented us from playing.
- Satisfied with (সন্তুষ্ট): I am satisfied with your work.
- Senior to / Junior to (জেষ্ঠ/কনিষ্ঠ): He is senior to me. (ইয়াতthanনহয়)
- Suffer from (কষ্ট পোৱা/ভোগা): He is suffering from fever.
পৰীক্ষাত সহায়ক হোৱাকৈ কিছুমান টিপ্ছ:
১.সময়ৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত:দিনৰ নামৰ আগত‘On’ (On Monday), মাহ বা বছৰৰ আগত‘In’ (In June, In 2024), আৰু নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ আগত‘At’ (At 5 PM) ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব।
২.যাতায়তৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত:কোনো বাহনত উঠা বুজাবলৈ‘By’ (By bus, By train) ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
A) Fill in the blanks-
1 He was born ______ November. (A) on (B) in (C) by (D) to(Golaghat 2025)
2 She has been ill ______ the last two years. (A) from (B) since (C) for (D) till(Golaghat 2025)
3. How ______ sugar do you take in tea? (a) many (b) much (c) more (d) some(Kamrup 2025)
Test Paper
১. স্থান আৰু সময় সম্পৰ্কীয় (Time and Place)
- Question: The meeting will start ______ 10 o’clock. (at / in / on)
- Answer:at(প্ৰণিধানযোগ্য: নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময় বুজাবলৈ সদায় ‘at’ বহে।)
- Question: He lives ______ a small village in Assam. (at / in / on)
- Answer:at(সৰু ঠাই বা গাওঁ বুজাবলৈ ‘at’ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।)
- Question: My brother was born ______ October. (at / in / on)
- Answer:in(মাহ বা বছৰৰ আগত ‘in’ বহে।)
- Question: We have a holiday ______ Republic Day. (at / in / on)
- Answer:on(যিকোনো বিশেষ দিন বা উৎসৱৰ দিনটো বুজাবলৈ ‘on’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
২. গতি আৰু দিশ সম্পৰ্কীয় (Movement and Direction)
- Question: The frog jumped ______ the well. (in / into / to)
- Answer:into(বাহিৰৰ পৰা গতি কৰি ভিতৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰা বুজাবলৈ ‘into’ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।)
- Question: He walked ______ the station. (at / to / in)
- Answer:to(কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট লক্ষ্য বা দিশলৈ যোৱা বুজাবলৈ ‘to’ বহে।)
- Question: The airplane flew ______ the clouds. (over / on / above)
- Answer:above / over(ওপৰেৰে স্পৰ্শ নকৰাকৈ গতি কৰা বা থকা বুজাবলৈ ‘above’ বা ‘over’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
৩. আহিলা আৰু মাধ্যম সম্পৰ্কীয় (Agent and Instrument)
- Question: Write the answers ______ black ink. (with / in / by)
- Answer:in(মনত ৰাখিব: ‘ink’ (চিয়াঁহী) থাকিলে ‘in black ink’ হয়, কিন্তু কলম বুজালে ‘with a pen’ হয়।)
- Question: He killed the tiger ______ a gun. (by / with / of)
- Answer:with(কোনো সঁজুলি বা যন্ত্ৰৰ সহায়ত কাম কৰিলে ‘with’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- Question: The work was done ______ him. (with / by / from)
- Answer:by(কাৰোবাৰ দ্বাৰা কামটো কৰা বুজাবলৈ ‘by’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
৪. আটাইতকৈ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ উপযুক্ত অব্যয় (Appropriate Prepositions)
তলৰ এই প্ৰশ্নকেইটা পৰীক্ষাত আটাইতকৈ বেছি বাৰ আহিছে:
- Question: Health is preferable ______ wealth. (than / to / with)
- Answer:to(Preferable, prefer, senior, junior, superior আদিত ‘than’ নহয়, সদায় ‘to’ বহে।)
- Question: The poor man died ______ cancer. (of / from / by)
- Answer:of(কোনো বেমাৰত মৃত্যু হ’লে সদায় ‘die of’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- Question: He is fully satisfied ______ my progress. (at / with / of)
- Answer:with(Satisfied-ৰ পিছত সদায় ‘with’ বহে।)
- Question: Are you afraid ______ dogs? (of / with / at)
- Answer:of(ভয় খোৱা অৰ্থত ‘afraid of’ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।)
- Question: Assam is rich ______ minerals. (in / of / with)
- Answer:in(কোনো বিষয় বা সম্পদেৰে চহকী বুজাবলৈ ‘rich in’ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।)
- Question: One should not be blind ______ one’s children’s faults. (of / to / with)
- Answer:to(কাৰোবাৰ ভুল বা দোষৰ প্ৰতি চকু মুদা বা আওকাণ কৰা বুজাবলৈ ‘blind to’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- Question: He is blind ______ his left eye. (of / in / to)
- Answer:ofবাin(চকুৰে নেদেখা বুজাবলৈ ‘blind of’ বা ‘blind in’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
Q1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions: (1 x 10 = 10)
- The meeting will start ______ 10:30 AM.
Ans:-The meeting will start at 10:30 AM. (নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ আগত ‘at’ বহে।)
- He has been living in this town ______ 2010.
Ans:-He has been living in this town since 2010. (এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ পৰা চলি থকা বুজাবলৈ ‘since’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- Don’t sit ______ the floor; it’s cold.
Ans:-Don’t sit on the floor; it’s cold. (কোনো পৃষ্ঠৰ ওপৰত লাগি থকা বুজালে ‘on’ বহে।)
- The cat jumped ______ the table to catch the mouse.
Ans:-The cat jumped upon/onto the table to catch the mouse. (গতি কৰি কোনো বস্তুৰ ওপৰত উঠা বুজাবলৈ ‘upon’ বা ‘onto’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- He is fond ______ reading detective novels.
Ans:-He is fond of(ভাল পোৱা/আগ্ৰহ থকা/ভাল লাগা)reading detective novels. (‘Fond’ শব্দটোৰ পাছত সদায় ‘of’ বহে।)
- Assamese is spoken ______ the people of Assam.
Ans:-Assamese is spoken by the people of Assam. (কাৰোবাৰ দ্বাৰা কোনো কাম কৰা বুজালে ‘by’ বহে।)
- The train passed ______ the long tunnel.
Ans:-The train passed through the long tunnel. (ভিতৰেৰে পাৰ হৈ যোৱা বুজাবলৈ ‘through’ বহে।)
- Please write your name ______ the top of the page.
Ans:-Please write your name at the top of the page. (নিৰ্দিষ্ট স্থান বা বিন্দু বুজাবলৈ ‘at’ বহে।)
- Health is preferable ______ wealth.
Ans:-Health is preferable to wealth. (‘Preferable’ শব্দটোৰ পাছত ‘to’ বহে, ‘than’ নহয়।)
- The teacher walked ______ the classroom with a smile.
Ans:-The teacher walked into the classroom with a smile. (বাহিৰৰ পৰা ভিতৰলৈ সোমাই অহা বা গতি কৰা বুজাবলৈ ‘into’ বহে।)
Q2. Choose the correct option from the brackets: (1 x 5 = 5)
- There is a bridge ______ the Brahmaputra. (over / on / above)
Ans:-There is a bridge on the Brahmaputra
- She is angry ______ my behavior. (with / at / for)
Ans:-She is angry at my behavior. (ব্যক্তিৰ ওপৰত হ’লে ‘angry with’ আৰু আচৰণ বা কামৰ ওপৰত হ’লে ‘angry at’ হয়।)
- I am looking forward ______ meeting you. (to / for / at)
Ans:- I am looking forward to meeting you. (‘Look forward to’ এটা ফ্ৰেজ।)
- He died ______ overeating. (of / from / by)
Ans:- He died from overeating. (বেমাৰত মৰিলে ‘died of’ কিন্তু বেলেগ কাৰণত হ’লে ‘died from’ হয়।)
- Distribute these pens ______ the five students. (between / among / in)
Ans:- Distribute these pens among the five students. (বহুতৰ মাজত বুজালে ‘among’ বহে।)
Q3. Correct the prepositional errors in the following sentences: (1 x 5 = 5)
- I prefer tea than coffee.
Ans:- I prefer tea to coffee. (Prefer-ৰ পাছত ‘to’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- Look to the blackboard.
Ans:- Look at the blackboard. (কোনো দিশত চাবলৈ কোৱা বুজালে ‘look at’ হয়।)
- He is blind for one eye.
Ans:- He is blind of one eye. (চকুৰে অন্ধ বুজাবলৈ ‘blind of’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- What is the time in your watch?
Ans:- What is the time by your watch? (ঘড়ীৰ মতে সময় সোধাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সদায় ‘by’ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।)
- She has been ill from Monday.
Ans:- She has been ill since Monday. (নিৰ্দিষ্ট দিনৰ পৰা বুজাবলৈ ‘since’ বহে।)
Q4. Translate the following sentences into English using proper prepositions: (1 x 5 = 5)
১. কিতাপখন মোনাখনৰ ভিতৰত আছে।
Ans:-The book is in the bag.
২. দেওবাৰে স্কুল বন্ধ থাকে।
Ans:-The school remains closed on Sundays.
৩. তেওঁ গুৱাহাটীত বাস কৰে।
Ans:-He lives in Guwahati
৪. মেজৰ ওপৰত থকা কলমটো মোক দিয়া।
Ans:-Give me the pen that is on the table.
৫. আমি নিয়মানুৱৰ্তিতা মানি চলিব লাগে (Abide by)।
Ans:-We must abide by the rules.
********** END *******
Present-Past- Past Participle
১. Regular Verbs (যিবোৰত ‘d’ বা’ed’ যোগ হয়):
এইবোৰ মনত ৰখা সহজ, কাৰণ ইহঁতৰ Past আৰু Past Participle ৰূপ একেই থাকে।
| Present (V1) | Past (V2) | Past Participle (V3) |
| Ask (সোধা) | Asked | Asked |
| Advice (উপদেশ দিয়া) | Advised | advised |
| Believe (বিশ্বাস কৰা) | Believed | Believed |
| Call (মতা) | Called | Called |
| Change (সলনি কৰা) | Changed | Changed |
| Die (মৰা) | Died | Died |
| Finish (শেষ কৰা) | Finished | Finished |
| Help (সহায় কৰা) | Helped | Helped |
| Look (চোৱা) | Looked | Looked |
| Play (খেলা) | Played | Played |
| Prepare (প্ৰস্তুত কৰা) | Prepared | Prepared |
| Work (কাম কৰা) | Worked | Worked |
| Stop (ৰোৱা) | Stopped | Stopped |
২. Irregular Verbs (যিবোৰৰ ৰূপ সলনি হয়):
পৰীক্ষাত এইবোৰেই আটাইতকৈ বেছি আহে। ইয়াক আমি তিনিটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰোঁ:
(A) তিনিওটা ৰূপ বেলেগ বেলেগ:
| Present (V1) | Past (V2) | Past Participle (V3) |
| Arise (উঠা) | Arose | Arisen |
| Be (am/is/are) | Was/Were | Been |
| Begin (আৰম্ভ কৰা) | Began | Begun |
| Break (ভঙা) | Broke | Broken |
| Choose (পচন্দ কৰা) | Chose | Chosen |
| Do (কৰা) | Did | Done |
| Drink (খোৱা/পিয়া) | Drank | Drunk |
| Drive (চলোৱা) | Drove | Driven |
| Eat (খোৱা) | Ate | Eaten |
| Fly (উৰা) | Flew | Flown |
| Forget (পাহৰি যোৱা) | Forgot | Forgotten |
| Go (যোৱা) | Went | Gone |
| Give (দিয়া) | Gave | Given |
| Know (জনা) | Knew | Known |
| Rise (উদয় হোৱা) | Rose | Risen |
| Speak (কোৱা) | Spoke | Spoken |
| See (দেখা) | Saw | Seen |
| Take (লোৱা) | Took | Taken |
| Sing (গান গোৱা) | Sang | Sung |
| Swim (সাঁতোৰা) | Swam | Swum |
| Write (লিখা) | Wrote | Written |
| Wear (পৰিধান কৰা) | Wore | Worn |
(B) Past আৰু Past Participle একেই থকা:
| Present (V1) | Past (V2) | Past Participle (V3) |
| Bring (অনা) | Brought | Brought |
| Buy (কিনা) | Bought | Bought |
| Catch (ধৰা) | Caught | Caught |
| Dig (খন্দা) | Dug | Dug |
| Feel (অনুভৱ কৰা) | Felt | Felt |
| Find (বিচৰা) | Found | Found |
| Keep (ৰখা) | Kept | Kept |
| Leave (ত্যাগ কৰা) | Left | Left |
| Lend (ধাৰে দিয়া) | Lent | Lent |
| Make (বনোৱা) | Made | Made |
| Meet (সাক্ষাত কৰা) | Met | Met |
| Sleep (শোৱা) | Slept | Slept |
| Say (কোৱা) | Said | Said |
| Sell (বেচা) | Sold | Sold |
| Teach (শিকোৱা) | Taught | Taught |
| Think (ভবা) | Thought | Thought |
| Tell (কোৱা) | Told | Told |
| Win (জিকা) | Won | Won |
C) তিনিওটা ৰূপ একেই থকা:
| Present (V1) | Past (V2) | Past Participle (V3) |
| Burst (ফাটি যোৱা) | Burst | Burst |
| Cut (কটা) | Cut | Cut |
| Cost (মূল্য) | Cost | Cost |
| Cast (নিক্ষেপ কৰা) | Cast | Cast |
| Hit (মাৰা) | Hit | Hit |
| Let (অনুমতি দিয়া) | Let | Let |
| Put (থোৱা) | Put | Put |
| Read (পঢ়া) | Read (উচ্চাৰণ ৰেড) | Read (উচ্চাৰণ ৰেড) |
| Shut (বন্ধ কৰা) | Shut | Shut |
| Spread (বিয়পা) | Spread | Spread |
৪. Confusing Verbs (খেলি-মেলি লগাব পৰা কিছুমান Verb)
| Present (V1) | Past (V2) | Past Participle (V3) |
| Lie (মিছা কোৱা) | Lied | Lied |
| Lie (শুই থকা) | Lay | Lain |
| Lay (থোৱা/কণী পৰা) | Laid | Laid |
| Hang (ওলোমাই থোৱা) | Hung | Hung |
| Hang (ফাঁচী দিয়া) | Hanged | Hanged |
******* END *******
Personal Letter Writing(ব্যক্তিগত চিঠি লিখন)
ব্যক্তিগত চিঠি (Personal Letter) হ’ল বন্ধু-বান্ধৱ, পিতৃ-মাতৃ, ভাই-ভনী বা আপোন আত্মীয়-স্বজনলৈ লিখা চিঠি। এইধৰণৰ চিঠিত ঘৰুৱা কথা-বতৰা, মনৰ ভাব, সুখ-দুখ বা কোনো ব্যক্তিগত বাৰ্তা আদান-প্রদান কৰা হয়। ইয়াৰ ভাষা সৰল, প্ৰাঞ্জল আৰু মৰমিয়াল হোৱা উচিত।
Features of a Personal Letter
- Written in simple and friendly language
- Informal in style
- Expresses personal feelings and ideas
- Written to someone we know well
একখন আদর্শ ব্যক্তিগত চিঠিৰ প্ৰধানকৈ৬ টা অংশথাকে। তলত ইয়াৰ নিয়মাৱলী আৰু এটা আৰ্হি (Format) আগবঢ়োৱা হ’ল:
ব্যক্তিগত চিঠিৰ প্ৰধান অংশসমূহ:
- প্ৰেৰকৰ ঠিকনা আৰু তাৰিখ (Heading):চিঠিখনৰ একেবাৰে ওপৰত সোঁফালে চিঠিখন যি ঠাইৰ পৰা লিখা হৈছে সেই ঠাইৰ নাম (ঠিকনা) আৰু তলত তাৰিখ লিখিব লাগে।
- সম্বোধন (Salutation / Greeting):চিঠিৰ বাঁফালে যাক চিঠি লিখা হৈছে তেওঁৰ সৈতে থকা সম্পৰ্ক অনুযায়ী সন্মান বা মৰম প্ৰকাশক শব্দ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। (যেনে: শ্ৰদ্ধেয় দেউতা, মৰমৰ ৰাহুল ইত্যাদি)।
- চিঠিৰ মূল অংশ (Body of the Letter):ই চিঠিৰ আটাইতকে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ। ইয়াত ক’বলগীয়া কথাখিনি প্ৰকাশ কৰা হয়। সাধাৰণতে ইয়াৰ আৰম্ভণিতে কুশল-বাৰ্তা সোধা হয় আৰু তাৰ পিছত মূল কথাখিনি লিখা হয়।
- সামৰণি (Subscription / Courteous Leave-taking):চিঠিখন শেষ কৰাৰ পিছত সোঁফালে তলত লিখকৰ সৈতে থকা সম্পৰ্ক অনুসৰি সামৰণি সূচক শব্দ লিখা হয়। (যেনে: আপোনাৰ স্নেহৰ সন্তান, তোমাৰ মৰমৰ বন্ধু ইত্যাদি)।
- স্বাক্ষৰ (Signature):সামৰণিৰ ঠিক তলতেই চিঠি লিখা ব্যক্তিজনৰ নাম বা চহী থাকিব লাগে।
- প্ৰাপকৰ ঠিকনা (Superscription):চিঠিখন যাৰ ওচৰলৈ পঠোৱা হ’ব, তেওঁৰ সম্পূৰ্ণ নাম, ঠিকনা আৰু পিন ক’ড (Pin Code) চিঠিৰ খামটোৰ ওপৰত স্পষ্টকৈ লিখিব লাগে।
চিঠিৰ আৰ্হি / গাঁথনি (Format)
১. প্ৰেৰকৰ ঠিকনা: ………………..
তাৰিখ: ……………………….
২. সম্বোধন (যেনে: মৰমৰ …………..,)
৩. চিঠিৰ মূল অংশ: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
৪. সামৰণি (যেনে: তোমাৰ মৰমৰ,)
৫. নাম/স্বাক্ষৰ: ………………..
Example
প্ৰশ্ন: তোমাৰ বাৰ্ষিক পৰীক্ষাৰ প্ৰস্তুতিৰ বিষয়ে জনাই দেউতাৰাক এখন চিঠি লিখা।
ড্ৰীমলেণ্ড একাডেমী হোষ্টেল
জূৰীয়া, নগাঁও
তাৰিখ: ১৫ মে’, ২০২৬
শ্ৰদ্ধেয় দেউতা,
মোৰ প্ৰণাম গ্ৰহণ কৰিব। আশা কৰোঁ আপোনালোক সকলোৱে ঘৰত কুশলে আছে। ময়ো ইয়াত ভালে আছোঁ।
আপোনাক জনাবলৈ পাই সুখী হৈছোঁ যে অহা মাহৰ ৫ তাৰিখৰ পৰা আমাৰ বাৰ্ষিক পৰীক্ষা আৰম্ভ হ’ব। এইবাৰ পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে মই যথেষ্ট পৰিশ্ৰম কৰিছোঁ। ইতিমধ্যে সকলো বিষয়ৰ পাঠ্যক্ৰম শেষ হৈছে আৰু মই কেইবাবাৰো পুনৰীক্ষণ (Revision) কৰিছোঁ। গণিত আৰু ইংৰাজী বিষয়ত মোৰ অলপ অসুবিধা হৈছিল, কিন্তু আমাৰ শিক্ষকসকলৰ সহায়ত এতিয়া সেই সমস্যা দূৰ হৈছে। আশা কৰিছোঁ এইবাৰ পৰীক্ষাত মই বহুত ভাল ফলাফল দেখুৱাব পাৰিম। আপোনালোকৰ আশীৰ্বাদ মোৰ লগত সদায় ৰাখিব।
মা আৰু ককাক মোৰ সেৱা জনাব আৰু মইনাক মৰম দিব। পৰীক্ষা শেষ হ’লেই মই ঘৰলৈ যাম।
আপোনাৰ মৰমৰ পুত্ৰ
অংকুৰ
৬. খামৰ ওপৰৰ ঠিকনা (প্ৰাপকৰ ঠিকনা):
টিকট
প্ৰাপক,
দেৱেন বৰা
গাঁও: ইটাচালী, পোঃ অঃ: নগাঁও
জিলা: নগাঁও (অসম)
পিন নং- ৭৮২০০১
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Important Personal Letter Examples for Exams
1. Letter to a Friend Inviting Him to a Birthday Party
House No. 15
Guwahati – 781005
15 May 2026
Dear Rohan,
I hope you are fine. My birthday is on 25 May. We are going to celebrate it at our home in the evening.
I invite you to attend the party. Many of my friends will come. We will enjoy games, songs, and delicious food together.
Please come with your parents. I am eagerly waiting for you.
Yours lovingly,
Rahul
2. Letter to Father Asking for Money
Hostel Road
Dibrugarh – 786001
15 May 2026
Dear Father,
I hope you are well. My studies are going on nicely.
My examination fee and hostel fee are due this month. I also need to buy some books. So, I need some money urgently.
Please send me Rs. 3000 as early as possible.
With love and respect,
Your loving son,
Aman
3. Letter to a Friend Congratulating Him on Success
ABC Colony
Jorhat – 785001
15 May 2026
Dear Suman,
I was very happy to know that you stood first in the annual examination.
Your success is the result of your hard work and regular study. My parents were also happy to hear this news.
I congratulate you on your brilliant success. May you achieve more success in life.
Yours lovingly,
Rakesh
4. Letter to a Friend Describing a Picnic
MG Road
Tezpur – 784001
15 May 2026
Dear Ankit,
Last Sunday our school arranged a picnic near a river. All the students and teachers joined it.
We played games, sang songs, and cooked food together. The place was very beautiful and full of green trees. We enjoyed the picnic very much.
It was one of the happiest days of my life.
Yours lovingly,
Deepak
5. Letter to Your Uncle Thanking Him for a Gift
Lachit Nagar
Guwahati – 781007
15 May 2026
Dear Uncle,
Thank you very much for the beautiful watch you sent me on my birthday.
I liked the gift very much. All my friends also praised it. Your blessings and love mean a lot to me.
Please visit us during the summer vacation.
Yours lovingly,
Imran
******** END *******
Pronoun
Pronoun (সৰ্বনাম)মানে হৈছে —
Noun (নামবাচক শব্দ)ৰ ঠাইত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা শব্দ।
সহজকৈ:
Noun পুনৰ-পুনৰ ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰিবলৈ Pronoun ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
উদাহৰণছ-
- Rina is a good girl. Rina reads every day.❌
Rina is a good girl. She reads every day.✅
ইয়াত She হৈছে Pronoun।
Pronoun ৰ প্ৰকাৰ (Types)
1. Personal Pronoun (ব্যক্তিবাচক সৰ্বনাম):-মানুহ বা বস্তু বুজায়।কাৰ বস্তু (অধিকাৰ )বুজায়।
- উদাহৰণ:I (মই), You (তুমি),He (তেওঁ – পুৰুষ),She (তেওঁ – মহিলা), It (এইটো/সেইটো), We (আমি),They (তেওঁলোক),mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
বাক্য:
- She is my sister.
- They are playing.
- This book is mine.
- That house is theirs.
2. Reflexive Pronoun (নিজক বুজোৱা সৰ্বনাম) :- নিজকে বুজায়।
উদাহৰণ:myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves
বাক্য:
- I did it myself.
- She hurt herself.
3. Emphatic Pronoun (জোৰ দিয়া সৰ্বনাম) :-বাক্যত কিবা কথাতজোৰ দিবলৈ (emphasis)ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা সৰ্বনাম।যেতিয়া আমি কওঁ“নিজেই” / “নিজে”, তেতিয়া সেইটো Emphatic Pronoun।
গঠন (Form) : Emphatic Pronoun সাধাৰণতে“-self / -selves”দিয়ে গঠিত হয়:myself , yourself , himself , herself , itself , ourselves , yourselves ,themselves
উদাহৰণ
- I myself did the work. (মই নিজেই কামটো কৰিলো।)
- She herself cooked the food.(তাই নিজেই খাবাৰ বনালে।)
- The teacher himself checked the copies.( শিক্ষকজনে নিজেই খাতা চেক কৰিলে।)
- They themselves solved the problem.( তেওঁলোকে নিজেই সমস্যাটো সমাধান কৰিলে।)
গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ কথা
- Emphatic Pronoun কেৱলজোৰ দিয়ে, কামটো কাক কৰিছে সেইটো সলনি নকৰে।
- ইয়াক বাদ দিলেও বাক্যৰ মূল অৰ্থ সলনি নহয়।
উদাহৰণ:
- She cooked the food. (সাধাৰণ)
- She herself cooked the food. (জোৰ দিয়া)
| বৈশিষ্ট্য | Reflexive Pronoun | Emphatic Pronoun |
| উদ্দেশ্য | কৰ্তা আৰু কৰ্ম একে বুলি দেখুৱাবলৈ। | কৰ্তাই কৰা কামটোত গুৰুত্ব দিবলৈ। |
| প্ৰয়োজনীয়তা | বাক্যটোৰ বাবে অতি প্ৰয়োজনীয়। | প্ৰয়োজনীয় নহয় (কেৱল জোৰ দিবলৈ)। |
| স্থান | সাধাৰণতে ক্ৰিয়াৰ (Verb) পিছত বহে। | কৰ্তাৰ (Subject) ঠিক পিছতেই বহে। |
| অসমীয়া অৰ্থ | নিজকে / নিজক | নিজে / স্বয়ং |
| ইংৰাজী উদাহৰণ | I saw myself in the mirror. | I myself saw him. |
4. Demonstrative Pronoun (ইঙ্গিত কৰা সৰ্বনাম) :- কিবা দেখুৱাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
উদাহৰণ:this, that, these, those
বাক্য:
- This is my pen.
- Those are mangoes.
5. Indefinite Pronoun(অনিৰ্দিষ্ট বাচক সৰ্বনাম):- কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা স্থানক নুবুজাই সাধাৰণভাৱে বুজায়।যেনে-anybody, someone, everythingআদি ।
১. ব্যক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত (For Persons)
কোনো মানুহক অনিৰ্দিষ্টভাৱে বুজাবলৈ এইবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়:
- কোনোবা (Someone/Somebody): “তাককোনোবাইমাতিছে।”
- কোনো (Anyone/No one): “কোনোএজন আহিলেই হ’ব।” (ধনাত্মক) / “তাতকোনোনাই।” (ঋণাত্মক)
- সকলো / সকলোবোৰ (Everyone/All): “সকলোৱেনিজৰ কাম কৰা।”
- আন / আনবোৰ (Others): “আনৰকথাত মূৰ নঘমাব।”
২. বস্তুৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত (For Things)
নিৰ্জীৱ বস্তুৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত তলৰ শব্দবোৰ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়:
- কিবা (Something): “মোককিবাএটা খাবলৈ দিয়ক।”
- একো (Anything/Nothing): “মইএকোনাখাওঁ।”
- সকলো (Everything): “তাতসকলোপোৱা যায়।”
- বেলেগ (Something else): “মোকবেলেগএটা লাগে।”
৩. সংখ্যা বা পৰিমাণ বুজাবলৈ (For Quantity/Number)
- কেইটামান / অলপ (Some/Few/Little): “কেইটামানকল লৈ আহিবা।”
- বহুত (Many/Much): “আজি কামবহুতআছে।”
- প্ৰত্যেক (Each): “প্ৰত্যেককেএকোটাকৈ কলম দিয়া।”
6. Distributive Pronoun(বিভাগবাচকসৰ্বনাম)
যিবোৰ সৰ্বনামে কোনো এটা গোটৰ বা দলৰ মাজৰ প্ৰতিটো বস্তু বা ব্যক্তিকপৃথক পৃথককৈ (one at a time)বুজায়, তাকেDistributive Pronounবুলি কোৱা হয়।
সহজ ভাষাত ক’বলৈ গ’লে, ই গোটেইবোৰক একেলগে নুবুজাই “প্ৰত্যেককে” বেলেগ বেলেগকৈ বুজায়।
মুখ্য Distributive Pronoun সমূহ:
১.Each (প্ৰত্যেকজন / প্ৰত্যেকটো)২.Either (দুজনৰ যিকোনো এজন)৩.Neither (দুজনৰ এজনো নহয়)
ব্যৱহাৰ আৰু উদাহৰণ:
১. Each (প্ৰত্যেক):
যেতিয়া কোনো দলৰ প্ৰতিজন ব্যক্তিক বুজোৱা হয়।
- English:Each of the students got a prize.
- Assamese:ছাত্ৰসকলৰপ্ৰত্যেকজনেএকোটাকৈ বঁটা পালে। (ইয়াত সকলোৱে বঁটা পাইছে যদিও আমি ‘প্ৰত্যেকৰে’ কথা বেলেগকৈ কৈছোঁ।)
২. Either (যিকোনো এজন):
যেতিয়া দুজন ব্যক্তি বা দুটা বস্তুৰ ভিতৰত যিকোনো এজনক বাছনি কৰা হয়।
- English:Either of you can go.
- Assamese:তোমালোক দুজনৰ যিকোনো এজন যাব পাৰা।
৩. Neither (এজনো নহয়):
যেতিয়া দুজনৰ ভিতৰত এজনকো নুবুজায়।
- English:Neither of the two books is yours.
- Assamese:এই দুখন কিতাপৰ এখনো তোমাৰ নহয়।
মন কৰিবলগীয়া:
- Distributive Pronoun সদায় Singular (একবচন) হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।
- সেইবাবে ইয়াৰ পিছত ব্যৱহাৰ হোৱাVerb (ক্ৰিয়া) টো সদায় Singular হয়।
উদাহৰণ:
- Each of the boys is happy. (শুদ্ধ ✅)
- Each of the boys are happy. (অশুদ্ধ ❌)
7. Reciprocal Pronoun (পাৰস্পৰিক সৰ্বনাম) হৈছে এনে এক সৰ্বনাম যিটো দুগৰাকী বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তিৰ মাজত হোৱা পাৰস্পৰিক সম্বন্ধ বা ক্ৰিয়া বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
সহজ ভাষাত ক’বলৈ গ’লে, যেতিয়া দুজন বা ততোধিক মানুহে ইজনে সিজনৰ ওপৰত একেই কাম কৰে, তেতিয়া আমিReciprocal Pronounব্যৱহাৰ কৰোঁ।
ইংৰাজীত কেৱল দুটা Reciprocal Pronoun আছে:
- Each other
- One another
১. Each other (ইজনে সিজনক / ইজনে সিজনৰ)
যেতিয়া কেৱলদুজনব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ মাজত পাৰস্পৰিক সম্পৰ্ক বুজোৱা হয়, তেতিয়াEach otherব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- English: Ram and Hari help each other.
- Assamese:ৰাম আৰু হৰিয়েইজনে সিজনকসহায় কৰে।
(ৰামে হৰিক সহায় কৰে আৰু হৰিয়ে ৰামক সহায় কৰে— দুয়োৰে মাজত কামটো সমানে হৈছে।)
২. One another (এজনে আনজনক / ইজনে সিজনক)
যেতিয়াদুজনতকৈ বেছিব্যক্তি বা বস্তুৰ মাজত পাৰস্পৰিক সম্পৰ্ক বুজোৱা হয়, তেতিয়াOne anotherব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- English: The students are talking to one another.
- Assamese:ছাত্ৰসকলেএজনে আনজনৰলগত কথা পাতি আছে।
(যিহেতু ইয়াত বহুত ছাত্ৰ আছে, সেয়েহে ‘one another’ ব্যৱহাৰ হৈছে।)
মনত ৰখাৰ সহজ নিয়ম:
| Pronoun | কেতিয়া ব্যৱহাৰ হয়? | উদাহৰণ |
| Each other | কেৱল ২ জনৰ মাজত। | Two sisters love each other. |
| One another | ২ জনতকৈ বেছিৰ মাজত। | We should help one another. |
8. Interrogative Pronoun (প্ৰশ্ন কৰা সৰ্বনাম) :-প্ৰশ্ন কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
উদাহৰণ:who, what, which
বাক্য:
- Who are you?
- What is your name?
9. Relative Pronoun (সম্বন্ধবাচক সৰ্বনাম) হৈছে এনে কিছুমান শব্দ যিবোৰে বাক্যৰ মাজত বহি আগত উল্লেখ থকা কোনো বিশেষ্য (Noun) বা সৰ্বনামৰ (Pronoun) সৈতে সম্বন্ধ স্থাপন কৰে আৰু দুটা বাক্যক সংযোগ কৰে।
সহজ ভাষাত, ই এটা Pronoun আৰু এটা Conjunction—দুয়োৰে কাম একেলগে কৰে।
ইংৰাজীত ঘাইকৈ Who, Whom, Whose, Which আৰু That ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
১. Who (যি / যিজনে)
ই সাধাৰণতে ব্যক্তিক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয় (Subject হিচাপে)।
- Example: I know the boy who won the race.
- Assamese: মই সেই ল’ৰাজনক জানোযিয়েদৌৰ প্ৰতিযোগিতাত জিকিছিল।
২. Whom (যাক / যাৰ সৈতে)
ই ব্যক্তিক বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয় (Object হিচাপে)।
- Example: The girl whom you met is my sister.
- Assamese: তুমিযাকলগ পাইছিলা সেই ছোৱালীজনী মোৰ ভনী।
৩. Whose (যাৰ)
ই কোনো বস্তু বা ব্যক্তিৰ ওপৰত অধিকাৰ (Possession) বুজাবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- Example: This is the man whose car was stolen.
- Assamese: এওঁ সেইজন মানুহযাৰগাড়ীখন চুৰি হৈছিল।
৪. Which / That (যিটো)
এইবোৰ বস্তু বা প্ৰাণীৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- Example: This is the book which I bought yesterday.
- Assamese: এইখন সেইখন কিতাপযিখনমই কালি কিনিছিলোঁ।
Relative Pronoun কেনেকৈ কাম কৰে?
এই সৰ্বনামবোৰে দুটা পৃথক বাক্যক এটা বাক্যলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰে:
- বাক্য ১: I saw a man.
- বাক্য ২: The man was wearing a red hat.
- সংযোগ: I saw a man who was wearing a red hat.
চমু তালিকা (Quick Guide for Students)
| Relative Pronoun | কাৰ বাবে ব্যৱহাৰ হয়? | অসমীয়া অৰ্থ |
| Who(যি/ যিজনে) | মানুহ (Subject) | যি / যিজনে |
| Whom(যাক / যাৰ সৈতে) | মানুহ (Object) | যাক |
| Whose(যাৰ) | মানুহ/বস্তু (Possession) | যাৰ |
| Which(যিটো) | বস্তু/প্ৰাণী | যিটো / যিখন |
| That(যিটো) | মানুহ/বস্তু/প্ৰাণী | যিটো / যিজন |
📌মনত ৰাখিব
- Pronoun = Noun ৰ ঠাইত ব্যৱহাৰ হয়
- বাক্য সহজ আৰু সুন্দৰ কৰিবলৈ সহায় কৰে
******* END*******
Proper Noun and Common Noun
Proper Noun (বিশেষ নামবাচক বিশেষ্য) আৰু Common Noun (জাতিবাচক বিশেষ্য) ৰ পৰিভাষা আৰু উদাহৰণ তলত সহজ ভাষাত বুজাই দিয়া হ’ল:
১. Proper Noun (বিশেষ নামবাচক বিশেষ্য)
যিবোৰ শব্দই কোনো নির্দিষ্ট মানুহ, ঠাই, নদী, পাহাৰ, কিতাপ বা বস্তুৰ নাম বুজায়, তাক Proper Noun বোলে।
- মনত ৰাখিবলগীয়া কথা: Proper Noun সদায় বৰফলা (Capital Letter) ৰে আৰম্ভ হয়।
উদাহৰণ:
- Jim Corbett (এজন নিৰ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তিৰ নাম)
- Nainital (এখন নিৰ্দিষ্ট ঠাইৰ নাম)
- Assam (এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট ৰাজ্যৰ নাম)
- Ganga (এখন নিৰ্দিষ্ট নদীৰ নাম)
২. Common Noun (জাতিবাচক বিশেষ্য)
যিবোৰ শব্দই কোনো নিৰ্দিষ্ট মানুহ বা বস্তুক নাবুজাই একোটা গোট, জাতি বা সাধাৰণ নাম বুজায়, তাক Common Noun বোলে।
উদাহৰণ:
- Man (মানুহ – ই কোনো এজনক নাবুজাই সমগ্ৰ মানুহ জাতিক বুজায়)
- Town / City (নগৰ বা চহৰ – যিকোনো চহৰ হ’ব পাৰে)
- River (নদী – যিকোনো নদী হ’ব পাৰে)
- Book (কিতাপ – যিকোনো কিতাপ হ’ব পাৰে)
- Dog (কুকুৰ – কুকুৰ জাতিক বুজায়)
দুয়োটার পার্থক্য (প্ৰভেদ):
| Common Noun (সাধাৰণ/জাতিবাচক নাম) | Proper Noun (নির্দিষ্ট নাম) |
| Boy (ল’ৰা) | Rahul (ৰাহুল) |
| City (চহৰ) | Guwahati (গুৱাহাটী) |
| Park (উদ্যান)a | Corbett National Park |
| Dog (কুকুৰ) | Robin (ৰবিন) |
******* END *******
Reading Comprehension(বোধগম্যতা বা বুজাবুজি)
১. Seen Passage (পাঠ্যভিত্তিক অনুচ্ছেদ)
অনুচ্ছেদ:
“মানুহে সমাজত বাস কৰে। সমাজৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে প্ৰতিজন মানুহে নিজৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰা উচিত। শিক্ষাই মানুহক সৎ পথ দেখুৱায় আৰু ভাল মানুহ হিচাপে গঢ়ি তোলে। এজন শিক্ষিত মানুহে নিজৰ লগতে সমাজখনো উন্নত কৰিব পাৰে।”
প্ৰশ্নসমূহ:
- মানুহে ক’ত বাস কৰে?
- সমাজৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে কি কৰা উচিত?
- শিক্ষাই মানুহক কি দিয়ে?
- এজন শিক্ষিত মানুহে কি কৰিব পাৰে?
- অনুচ্ছেদটোত মূল বিষয় কি?
উত্তৰসমূহ:
- মানুহে সমাজত বাস কৰে।
- সমাজৰ উন্নতিৰ বাবে প্ৰতিজন মানুহে নিজৰ দায়িত্ব পালন কৰা উচিত।
- শিক্ষাই মানুহক সৎ পথ দেখুৱায়।
- এজন শিক্ষিত মানুহে নিজৰ লগতে সমাজখনো উন্নত কৰিব পাৰে।
- মূল বিষয় হৈছে — শিক্ষা আৰু সমাজৰ উন্নতি।
২. Unseen Passage (অদেখা অনুচ্ছেদ)
অনুচ্ছেদ:
“প্ৰকৃতি আমাৰ জীৱনৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ। গছ-গছনি, নদী, পাহাৰ আদি মিলি প্ৰকৃতিক সুন্দৰ কৰি তোলে। কিন্তু মানুহে প্ৰকৃতিৰ ওপৰত অত্যাচাৰ কৰি আহিছে। গছ কাটাৰ ফলত পৰিৱেশ দূষিত হৈছে। সেয়ে আমি সকলোৱে প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ কৰিব লাগে।”
প্ৰশ্নসমূহ:
- প্ৰকৃতি কি?
- প্ৰকৃতিক কি কি বস্তুয়ে সুন্দৰ কৰি তোলে?
- মানুহে প্ৰকৃতিৰ সৈতে কি কৰিছে?
- গছ কাটাৰ ফলত কি হৈছে?
- আমি কি কৰা উচিত?
উত্তৰসমূহ:
- প্ৰকৃতি আমাৰ জীৱনৰ এক গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ অংশ।
- গছ-গছনি, নদী, পাহাৰে প্ৰকৃতিক সুন্দৰ কৰি তোলে।
- মানুহে প্ৰকৃতিৰ ওপৰত অত্যাচাৰ কৰিছে।
- গছ কাটাৰ ফলত পৰিৱেশ দূষিত হৈছে।
- আমি প্ৰকৃতি সংৰক্ষণ কৰা উচিত।
3. Read the following passages carefully and answer the following questions:
“The Ahoms believed that only a physically perfect person could ascend(উঠ/আৰোহণ কৰা)the throne(সিংহাসন). A maimed( অক্ষম) man could never become a king. So by maiming(অক্ষম কৰা) the young men of his kingdom(ৰাজ্য) Lora Roja made sure that his throne would remain safe from rebels(বিদ্ৰোহী). Joymoti’s husband, Gadadhar Singha, fled(পলাই গ’ল) and hid(লুকাই আছিল)himself in the Naga hills. Lora Roja could not find him. So Joymoti was taken a prisoner(বন্দী). She was tortured (অত্যাচাৰ কৰা হৈছে) because she refused(অস্বীকাৰ কৰিলে) to reveal(প্ৰকাশ কৰা) the whereabouts(অৱস্থান) of her husband. After being inhumanly tortured for fourteen days Joymoti died.” 1+2+2=5
(i) Who was Joymoti’s husband?
Answer:Joymoti’s husband was Gadadhar Singha.
(ii) Why did Gadadhar Singha flee and hide himself in the Naga hills?
Answer: Gadadhar Singha fled to the Naga hills because Lora Roja was maiming the young men of the kingdom to ensure they could not ascend the throne, as the Ahoms believed only a physically perfect person could become king.
(iii) Why was Joymoti tortured?
Answer:Joymoti was tortured because she refused to reveal the whereabouts of her husband, who was hiding in the hills.
4. Read the following passages carefully and answer the following questions:
There was once an ugly(কুত্সিত) boy whose name was Socrates. He was undersized(কম আকাৰৰ) and had a flat(চেপেটা) nose(নাক) and bulging eyes(উখহি উঠা চকু) and he was always rather shabbily dressed(ক্ষীণ সাজ-পোছাক পৰিধান কৰা). His father was only a poor stone cutter, who helped the sculptors with their least important works. Socrates lived in Athens four hundred years before Jesus Christ was born. Like other boys he went to school where the most important lessons were music and Gymnastics. He also learnt some science and Geography as children learn today. The strange(অদ্ভুত) little creature with short neck, and plain face was a thoughtful(চিন্তাশীল) child. He allowed very few things to escape his notice and watched his companions with closest attention.
(i) What was the name of the ugly boy? 1
Answer: The name of the ugly boy was Socrates.
(ii) What type of eyes did he have? 1
Answer: He had bulging eyes.
(iii) What were the most important lessons that were taught at school? 1
Answer: The most important lessons were music and Gymnastics.
(iv) Give one word for a person who makes statues by cutting stones. 1
Answer: Sculptor.
(v) Find a word in the passage which is the antonym of handsome/beautiful. 1
Answer: Ugly.
5. Read the following passage and answer the following questions :–
Hockey is the national sport of India. The sport has a glorious(গৌৰৱময়)past . The Indian Hockey Team has the unique(অনন্য) distinction(পাৰ্থক্য) of winning gold in six consecutive(একেৰাহে) Olympics. Dhyan Chand has made a great contribution(অৱদান) to take the game to its glory(গৌৰৱ). Another player who has played an important role in keeping the game alive in the cuntry is Dhanraj Pillai, also known as the ‘Black Stallion’. Unfortunately(দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনকভাৱে), today the national sport is much neglected(অৱহেলিত) and is not being given the attention it deserves(প্ৰাপ্য).
i) Who has made a great contribution to take Hockey to its glory? 1
Answer: Dhyan Chand has made a great contribution to take the game to its glory.
ii) What is the unique distinction of Indian Hockey Team ? 1
Answer: The Indian Hockey Team has the unique distinction of winning gold in six consecutive Olympics.
iii) State whether the following statements are true or false. 2
a) Dhyan Chand is also known as ‘Black Stallion’.
Answer: False (Dhanraj Pillai is known as the ‘Black Stallion’).
b) At present, Hockey is very much popular in India.
Answer: False (The passage states the sport is much neglected today)
iv) Find a word in the passage that means ‘in regular succession without gap’. 1
Answer: Consecutive.
6. Read the following passage and answer the following questions :–
Above all (সৰ্বোপৰি), he loved my wife, and she loved him too ! She had changed his name from Bruno, to Baba, a Hindusthani word signifying ‘small boy’. And he could do a fewtricks, too. At the command, ‘Baba, wrestle’ (মল্লযুঁজ) , or ‘Baba box’, he vigorously (জোৰদাৰভাৱে) tackled(যুঁজ দিয়া) anyone who came forward for a roughand tumble(হুলস্থূলীয়া ধেমালি). Give him a stick and say ‘Baba, hold gun’, and he pointed the stick at you. Ask him, ‘Baba where is your baby?’ and he immediately produced (উৎপাদিত) and cradled affectionately (মৰমেৰে কোলাত লৈছিল) a stump (ণ্ডড়ি গছ) of wood which he had carefully concealed (লুকুৱাই ৰখা) in his straw bed (খেৰৰ বিচনা) . But because of the tenants( ভাড়াতীয়া) , children, poor Bruno, or baba had to be kept chained most of the time.
i) Who was ‘Baba’ referred to here ? 1
Answer: ‘Baba’ refers to a pet (originally named Bruno) who was loved by the narrator’s wife.
ii) In what way Baba responded to the commands given to him ? 2
Answer: Baba responded to commands with specific tricks:
- At the command “Baba, wrestle” or “Baba box,” he would vigorously tackle anyone for a rough and tumble.
- When told “Baba, hold gun,” he would point a stick at the person.
- When asked “Baba, where is your baby?”, he would produce and cradle a stump of wood.
iii) Why was Baba kept chained most of the time ? 2
Answer: Baba had to be kept chained most of the time because of the tenants’ children.
7. Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the questions given under it – 1 X 5 = 5
On Sunday afternoons Grandfather sent her down to the drawing-room to have a “nice talk with father and mother”. But the little girl always found mother reading and father stretched (টানি লোৱা)out on the sofa, his handkerchief (ৰুমাল) on his face, his feet on one of the best cushions, sleeping soundly and snoring (নাক কোচাই থকা) . She sat on a stool, gravely (গম্ভীৰভাৱে)watched him until he woke and stretched, and asked the time, then looked at her. “Don’t stare (একে থৰেই চাই থাক) so, Kezia. You look like a little brown (বাদামী ৰঙৰ) owl (ফেঁচা) .” One day, when she was kept indoors with a cold, her grandmother told her that father’s birthday was next week and suggested she should make a pin-cushion for a gift out of a beautiful piece of yellow silk.
a. What did Kezia’s father do on Sundays?
Answer: On Sundays, Kezia’s father would stretch out on the sofa with a handkerchief on his face and his feet on a cushion, sleeping soundly and snoring.
b. How did Kezia’s grandmother help her to have a better relation with her father?
Answer: Her grandmother encouraged her to interact with her parents on Sunday afternoons and later suggested she make a handmade gift for her father’s upcoming birthday to improve their bond.
c. What did Kezia’s grandmother ask her to make for her father?
Answer: Her grandmother suggested she make a pin-cushion out of a beautiful piece of yellow silk as a birthday gift.
d. What did Kezia’s mother do when she went to meet her?
Answer: When Kezia went to the drawing-room to meet her, she typically found her mother busy reading.
e. Find a word in the paragraph which means “undisturbed”.
Answer: Soundly (as in “sleeping soundly”).
8) Read the following paragraph and answer the questions— 1 X 5 = 5
At the age of 14, Bismillah accompanied(সংগী) his uncle to the Allahabad Music Conference (সন্মিলন) . At the end of his recital (আবৃত্তি), Ustad Faiyaz Khan patted (থপৰিয়াই দিলে) the young boys back and said, “Work hard and you will make it”. With the opening of the all India Radio in Lucknow in 1938 came Bismillah’s big break (ডাঙৰ সুযোগ). He soon became an often heard shehnai player on Radio. When India gained independence on 15 August 1947, Bismillah Khan became the first Indian to greet the nation with his shehnai. He poured (ঢালি দিয়া)his heart out into Raag Kafi from the Red Fort to an audience which included Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, who later gave his famous “Tryst with Destiny”(ভাগ্যৰ সৈতে এক অভিসাৰ) speech.
a. Find out the word which is the opposite of “excluded” ?
Answer: Included.
b. Which raag did Bismillah Khan play to greet the nation?
Answer: He played Raag Kafi.
c. When did Bismillah Khan get his big break ?
Answer: He got his big break in 1938 with the opening of All India Radio in Lucknow.
d. Who encouraged Bismillah Khan to play the shehnai to be successful one day ?
Answer: Ustad Faiyaz Khan encouraged him by saying, “Work hard and you will make it”.
e. Find out a word from the paragraph which means “gathering of people” for the purpose hearing a speaker.
Answer: Audience.
9. Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions given below:
I was born into a middle-class Tamil family in the island town of Rameswaram in the erstwhile (পূৰ্বৰ)Madras state. My father, Jainulabdeen, had neither much formal education nor much wealth; despite (সত্ত্বেও) these disadvantages, he possessed great innate (স্বাভাবিক)wisdom (জ্ঞান) and true generosity (উদাৰতা) ofspirit( উদ্যম) . He had an ideal helpmate (সহায়ক) in my mother, Ashiamma. I do not recall the exact number of people she fed everyday, but I am quite certain that far more outsiders ate with us than all the members of our family put together. I was one of many children – a short boy with rather undistinguished looks, born to tall and handsome parents. We lived in our ancestral (পূৰ্বপুৰুষৰ) house, which was built in the middle of the nineteenth century. It was a fairly large pucca house made of limestone and brick, on the Mosque Street in Rameswaram. My austere (কঠোৰ অনুশাসন মানি চলা)father used to avoid all inessential comforts and luxuries. However, all necessities were provided for, in terms of food, medicine or clothes. In fact, I would say mine was a very secure childhood, both materially(বস্তুগতভাৱে) and emotionally (আৱেগিকভাৱে).
Questions:
i. Who is the ‘I’ referred to here? 1
Answer: The ‘I’ referred to here is APJ Abdul Kalam.
ii. The fairly large pucca house was made of………………………………. 1
Answer: The house was made of limestone and brick.
iii. What kind of childhood did Abdul Kalam have? 2
Answer: Abdul Kalam had a very secure childhood, both materially and emotionally. Although his father avoided inessential luxuries, all his basic necessities like food, medicine, and clothes were well provided for.
iv. Which word in the passage means simple, strict and severe? 1
Answer:Austere.
10. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
I spotted it (মই দেখা পালোঁ) in a junk shop (ভঙা-চিঙা সামগ্ৰীৰ দোকান) in Bridport, a roll-top desk (পুৰণি শৈলীৰ মেজ বা ডেস্ক, যাৰ ওপৰৰ অংশটো এটা ঘূৰ্ণীয়মান ঢাকনিৰে ঢাকি থব পাৰি।). The man said it was early nineteenth century and made of oak (ওক গছ). I had wanted one, but they were far too expensive. This one was in a bad condition, the roll-top in several pieces, one leg clumsily mended (বেয়াধৰণে মেৰামতি কৰা), scorch(পোৰা) marks all down one side. It was going for very little money. I thought I could restore it. It would be a risk, a challenge (প্ৰত্যাহবান), but I had to have it. I paid the man and brought it back to my work room at the back of the garage (মটৰ গাড়ী ৰখা ঘৰ). I began to work on it on Christmas Eve (খ্ৰীষ্টমাছৰ পূৰ্বে) .
Questions:
i. Where is the junk shop ? 1
Answer: The junk shop is in Bridport.
ii. What is the shape of the desk ? 1
Answer: The desk is a roll-top desk.
iii. When did the author begin to work on it ? 1
Answer: The author began to work on it on Christmas Eve.
iv. Write down the condition of the roll-top desk. 2
Answer: The desk was in a bad condition. Specifically, the roll-top was in several pieces, one leg was clumsily mended, and there were scorch marks all down one side.
11. Directions: Question Nos. 1 and 2 are based on seen comprehension. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions.
The sound of the shehnai began to be considered (বিবেচনা কৰা) auspicious(শুভ). And for this reason(কাৰণ), it is still played (বজায়) in temples and is an indispensable(অপৰিহাৰ্য) component(উপাদান) of any North Indian wedding(বিবাহ). In the past, the shehnai was part of the Naubat (পৰম্পৰাগতসংগীত) or traditional (পৌৰানিক)ensemble(সংগীতবাকলাৰদল) of nine instruments found at royal courts (ৰজাৰ দৰবাৰ). Till recently it was used only in temples and weddings. The credit(কৃতিত্ব) for bringing this instrument onto the classical stage goes to Ustad Bismillah Khan.
1. “The sound of the shehnai began to be considered auspicious.” This sentence means that
(A) The sound of the shehnai would bring good luck and positive energy.
(B) The sound of the shehnai would create a spiritual sense.
(C) The sound of the shehnai was soft and melodious.
(D) The sound of the shehnai would sensitise heroism of the royalty.
Ans:- (A)
2. Which of the following is an indispensable part of any North Indian wedding?
(A) Naubat (B) Pungi
(C) Shehnai (D) Band party
Ans:- (C)
12. Directions: Question Nos. (1 to 4) are based on unseen comprehension. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions.
During our growing up years, we as children have been taught both at home and also at school to worship (পূজা) the photos and idols (idols) of the Gods of our respective (নিজ নিজ) religions. When we grew a little older, we were told to read holy books like the Bhagawad Gita, the Bible and the Quran; we were told that there are a lot of life lessons to be learnt from these holy books. We were then introduced (চিনাকি কৰাই দিয়া হৈছে) stories from our mythologies (পৌৰাণিক কাহিনী) which have taught us about ethics(নীতি-নিয়ম)and morality(নৈতিকতা)- what is good and what is bad. I also learnt to be respectful towards my parents who have made my life comfortable with their hardwork, love and care, and my teachers who have guided me to become a good student and also a responsible citizen.
1. As children, we are taught to
(A) go to school every day.
(B) help our parents.
(C) study regularly.
(D) worship the photos and idols of the Gods of our respective religions.
Answer: (D) worship the photos and idols of the Gods of our respective religions.
2. What do we learn from the holy books?
(A) Life lessons (B) Good manners
(C) About nature (D) About our past
Answer: (A) Life lessons
3. Why should we respect our parents?
(A) They teach us good values.
(B) They work hard to make our life comfortable.
(C) It is our duty.
(D) They are our parents.
Answer: (B) They work hard to make our life comfortable.
4. The opposite of ‘responsible’ is
(A) Untrustworthy (B) Irresponsible
(C) Unresponsible (D) Lowly
Answer: (B) Irresponsible
13. Seen Passage (Text-based)
Passage:
“Time is very valuable (মূল্যৱান) . Once it is lost, it never comes back. A person who uses time wisely (বুদ্ধিমানৰ দৰে) achieves (অৰ্জন কৰে) success in life. Lazy people waste time and later regret (অনুতাপ কৰ) it. Therefore, we should always understand the value of time.”
Questions:
- Why is time valuable?
- What happens once time is lost?
- Who achieves success in life?
- What do lazy people do?
- What should we learn from this passage?
Answers:
- Time is valuable because it cannot be regained once lost.
- Once time is lost, it never comes back.
- A person who uses time wisely achieves success.
- Lazy people waste time.
- We should understand and use time properly.
Vocabulary:
- Valuable = very important
- Lazy = unwilling to work
- Regret = feel sorry
14. Unseen Passage
Passage:
“Books are our best friends. Through reading, we gain knowledge and wisdom(জ্ঞান আৰু প্ৰজ্ঞা). Good books improve our thinking and guide us in life. Developing a habit of reading regularly is very important for students.”
| জ্ঞান (Knowledge)জ্ঞান হ’ল তথ্য, তথ্যপাতি বা শিক্ষাৰ জৰিয়তে আহৰণ কৰা অভিজ্ঞতা। যেতিয়া আমি কোনো বিষয়ৰ বিষয়ে পঢ়ি বা শুনি জানিবলৈ পাওঁ, তাক জ্ঞান বুলি কোৱা হয়।প্ৰজ্ঞা বা বুদ্ধিমত্তা (Wisdom)প্ৰজ্ঞা হ’ল আহৰণ কৰা জ্ঞানক জীৱনৰ সঠিক সময়ত আৰু সঠিক দিশত প্ৰয়োগ কৰিব পৰা ক্ষমতা। ই কেৱল তথ্য নহয়, বৰঞ্চ ভাল-বেয়াৰ বিচাৰ কৰিব পৰা এক গভীৰ বোধশক্তি। |
Questions:
(A) Short Answer:
- Why are books called our best friends?
- How do we gain knowledge?
- What do good books do?
Answers:
- Books are called our best friends because they guide and help us.
- We gain knowledge through reading.
- Good books improve our thinking and guide us.
(B) MCQ:
4. What does the word “books” mean?
a) Teacher b) School
c) Written works d) Friend
- What does “regularly” mean?
a) Sometimes b) Always
c) Rarely d) Never
Answers:
4. c) Written works
5. b) Always
15. Seen Passage (Moral-based)
Passage:
“Honesty (সততা) is the best quality (ণ্ডণ) of a person. An honest person never tells lies and does not do wrong things. Honest people are respected by everyone in society. So, we should always try to be honest in our lives.”
Questions:
- What is the best quality of a person?
- What does an honest person not do?
- Who is respected in society?
- What should we try to be?
Answers:
- Honesty is the best quality.
- An honest person does not tell lies or do wrong things.
- Honest people are respected in society.
- We should try to be honest.
16. Unseen Passage (Health & Lifestyle)
Passage:
“Health is wealth. A healthy body has a healthy mind. Regular exercise, proper diet, and cleanliness help us stay healthy. An unhealthy lifestyle can harm our body and mind.”
Questions:
(A) Short Answer:
- What is health compared to?
- What does a healthy body have?
- How can we stay healthy?
Answers:
- Health is compared to wealth.
- A healthy body has a healthy mind.
- We can stay healthy through exercise, proper diet, and cleanliness.
******** END*******
REPORT WRITING
Report Writing কি?
কোনো ঘটি যোৱা ঘটনা বা অনুষ্ঠানৰ বিষয়ে এটা চমু আৰু তথ্যসমৃদ্ধ বিৱৰণ দিয়াটোকেইReport Writingবোলে। ই সদায়Past Tense (অতীত কাল)ত লিখা হয়।
Report এখনৰ গঠন (Format):
এখন ভাল ৰিপ’ৰ্টত তলত দিয়া ৪টা অংশ থাকিব লাগে:
১.Headline (শিৰোনাম):চমু আৰু আকৰ্ষণীয় এটা শিৰোনাম দিব লাগে। ই ঘটনাটোৰ মূল বিষয়টো বুজাব লাগে।
২.By-line:কোনে ৰিপ’ৰ্টটো লিখিছে তাৰ নাম (যেনে: By a Staff Reporter বা By Animesh)।
৩.Place and Date (স্থান আৰু তাৰিখ):যিখন ঠাইৰ পৰা ৰিপ’ৰ্টটো লিখা হৈছে সেই ঠাইৰ নাম আৰু তাৰিখ।
৪.Body (মূল অংশ):ইয়াত ঘটনাটো কি আছিল, কেতিয়া ঘটিছিল, ক’ত ঘটিছিল আৰু কেনেকৈ হৈছিল তাৰ বিতং বিৱৰণ দিব লাগে।
লিখাৰ সময়ত মন কৰিবলগীয়া কথা:
- Third Personব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে (যেনে: He, She, They, It)।নিজৰ বিষয়ে বা ‘I’ ব্যৱহাৰ নকৰাই ভাল।
- ভাষা সদায় সৰল আৰু স্পষ্ট হ’ব লাগে।
- প্ৰথমে ঘটনাটোৰ এটা পৰিচয়, তাৰ পিছত মাজৰ বিৱৰণ আৰু শেষত এটা সামৰণি থাকিব লাগে।
1. Write a report for a newspaper using the following information:
(i) Date: 21st February, 2025, Friday (ii) Place: Xyz High School, Golaghat
(iii) Inter school speech competition (iv) Participant schools: 12
(v) Topic: Digital quest (vi) Seujpur H.S. School winner
(vii) Prize given away by the Headmaster of Xyz High School
(viii) Ended the program with national anthem
Ans:-
Inter-School Speech Competition Held at Xyz High School
By a Staff Reporter
GOLAGHAT, February 21: A vibrant(প্ৰাণৱন্ত বা উৎসাহী) inter-school speech competition was organized(আয়োজিত) today at the premises of Xyz High School, Golaghat. The event, held on a Friday, saw enthusiastic (উত্সাহী) participation (অংশগ্ৰহণ) from students representing (প্ৰতিনিধিত্ব কৰা) 12 different schools from across (ইমূৰৰ পৰা সিমূৰলৈ )the district.
The competition centered (কেন্দ্ৰীভূত) on the contemporary (সমসাময়িক) and thought-provoking(উত্তেজক) topic, “Digital Quest.”(ডিজিটেল অন্বেষণ) Participants shared their insights (গভীৰ উপলব্ধি) on the evolution (ক্রমবিকাশ) of technology, the challenges(প্ৰত্যাহ্বান) of the digital age, and the endless possibilities for learning in a connected world. The young orators(বক্তাসকল) impressed the audience and judges alike with their eloquence(বাকপটুতা) and depth of knowledge.
After a series of compelling performances, Seujpur H.S. School was declared the winner of the competition. Their representative’s articulate (স্পষ্টকৈ প্ৰকাশ কৰা) delivery and strong arguments on the “Digital Quest” earned them the top spot.
The prizes were distributed during the concluding (সামৰণি) ceremony by the Headmaster of Xyz High School. In his address, the Headmaster praised the students for their hard work and encouraged them to continue exploring the digital frontier (সীমান্ত)responsibly.
The program concluded (সামৰণি মাৰিলে )on a patriotic note(দেশপ্ৰেমৰ ভাব) as all attendees stood together to sing the National Anthem, marking the successful end of a day dedicated to intellectual(বৌদ্ধিক) growth and healthy competition.
2) Prepare a report based on the given information. Khanapara, Guwahati February 3, 2025
— Bus-truck collision.
— 3 bus passengers died at the spot, one in the hospital.
— 13 passengers injured severely, admitted to hospital.
Ans:-
Four Killed, 13 Injured in Fatal Bus-Truck Collision at Khanapara
By a Staff Reporter
GUWAHATI, February 3: A horrific (ভয়ংকৰ) road accident took place today in the Khanapara area of Guwahati when a passenger bus collided(সংঘৰ্ষ হ’ল) head-on with a speeding truck. The collision, which occurred (ঘটিছিল) early in the day, resulted in the tragic death of four individuals and left several others battling for their lives.
According to eyewitnesses (প্ৰত্যক্ষদৰ্শী) , the impact(প্ৰভাৱ) of the crash(খুন্দা মৰা) was so severe (অতিশয়) that three bus passengers died on the spot. Local residents and emergency services rushed (খৰখেদা কৰা) to the scene (দৃশ্য) to rescue those trapped (আবদ্ধ হোৱা) inside the wreckage (ধ্বংসাৱশেষ). A total of 14 injured passengers were immediately transported to the nearest hospital, where one victim (ভুক্তভোগী) succumbed(মৃত্যু হোৱা) to their injuries shortly after arrival.
Currently, 13 passengers remain admitted to the hospital with severe injuries. Hospital authorities have stated (উল্লেখ কৰিছে) that many of them are in critical condition. The police have registered a case and an investigation is underway to determine the exact cause of the accident, though initial reports suggest overspeeding might have been a factor(কাৰক).
3. Write a report for a newspaper on the basis of the information given below:
27/01/2025 – Kokrajhar – BTR Peace Accord Day – A massive Bike Rally organized – followed by an Award Ceremony at Bodofa Cultural Complex – attended by prominent people including the Chief Executive Member of BTR – in his address he said – the Accord has brought peace to the region and efforts will be made to maintain this peace.
Ans:-
BTR Peace Accord Day Celebrated with Bike Rally in Kokrajhar
Kokrajhar, January 27, 2025:
BTR Peace Accord(শান্তি চুক্তি) Day was celebrated in Kokrajhar on January 27, 2025, with great enthusiasm(উত্সাহ) and public participation. A massive(বিশাল) bike rally was organized to mark the occasion(বিশেষ দিনটো স্মৰণীয় কৰি তুলিবলৈ). People from different areas joined the rally to show their support for peace and unity in the region.
After the rally, an award ceremony was held at the Bodofa Cultural Complex. Many prominent (বিশিষ্ট)people attended the programme, including the Chief Executive Member (CEM) of BTR.
In his speech, the CEM said that the BTR Peace Accord has brought peace and stability to the region. He also assured that all efforts will be made to maintain this peace in the future.
The programme ended on a positive note(সুখদায়ক সমাপ্তি), highlighting the importance of harmony and development in the region.
4. Write a report on the celebration of independence day at your school.
Hints :-
a. Hoisting of National Flag by the principal.
b. Singing of the National Anthem.
c. Speech by the principal.
d. Students speech.
e. Cultural programme.
f. Closing of the function.
Ans:-Celebration of Independence Day at Our School
By student Reporter
Nagaon, August 15, 2025:
Independence Day was celebrated in our school with great joy and respect. The program started in the morning with the hoisting (উত্তোলন কৰা) of the National Flag by our Principal. All the students and teachers stood in attention and sang the National Anthem proudly.
After that, the Principal gave a speech about the importance of Independence Day and reminded us of the sacrifices of our freedom fighters. Some students also delivered short speeches, expressing their love for the country.
A colourful cultural programme was held where students performed songs, dances, and patriotic acts. The performances (পৰিবেশনসমূহ )were very enjoyable and filled everyone with national pride.
At the end, the function was closed with a vote of thanks (ধন্যবাদসূচক ভাষণ) . The celebration was simple but very meaningful and memorable for all.
5. Write a report for a local daily on the basis of the information given below:
(i) Date: 12.07.2024.
(ii) Sivasagar.
(iii) Heavy rain for more than ten hours.
(iv) Several areas submerged – policemen and NDRF pressed into service for rescue operation.
(v) Four people died in the flash flood.
(vi) Several relief camps opened to give shelter and food to the flood victims.
Ans:-
Heavy Rain Causes Flood in Sivasagar
By Staff Reporter
Sivasagar, July 12, 2024:
Sivasagar faced a serious flood situation after heavy rain continued for more than ten hours on July 12, 2024. Many areas of the town were submerged(ডুব যোৱা) under water, causing great trouble to the people.
Police and NDRF teams were pressed into service for rescue(উদ্ধাৰ) operations. They worked hard to save people and move them to safer places.
Sadly, four people lost their lives in the flash flood(হঠাত্ অহা বানপানী). The situation created panic(হাহাকাৰ) among the residents.
The government opened several relief camps to provide shelter(আশ্ৰয়) and food to the flood victims. Many affected people took refuge(আশ্ৰয়) in these camps.
The situation is being closely monitored(নিৰীক্ষণ কৰা), and rescue and relief work is still going on.
অন্যান্য উদাহৰণ (Example):
Topic: Report on “Annual Prize Distribution Ceremony” in your school.
ANNUAL PRIZE DISTRIBUTION CEREMONY HELD
By a Staff Reporter
Nagaon, 15th December: The annual prize distribution ceremony of Dreamland Academy was held yesterday in the school premises(চৌহদ) with great enthusiasm(উত্সাহ). The function started at 10 AM with the lighting of the lamp by the Chief Guest, who is a well-known educationist of the locality.
The Principal read out the annual report of the school highlighting(বিশেষভাৱে গুৰুত্ব দিয়া) the achievements (কৃতিত্ব) of the students. After that, a colourful cultural (সাংস্কৃতিক) program was performed (পৰিৱেশন কৰা) by the students. The Chief Guest distributed prizes among the students who excelled(উৎকৃষ্ট) in academics and sports. In his speech, he encouraged (উৎসাহিত কৰা) the students to work hard and be disciplined. The program ended at 3 PM with the singing of the National Anthem.
নৱম শ্ৰেণীৰ পৰীক্ষাত সচৰাচৰ আহি থকা কেইটামান গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত ভিত্তি কৰি তলত ৪খনReportযুগুত কৰি দিয়া হ’ল। এই আৰ্হিকেইটা অনুসৰণ কৰিলে তোমাক পৰীক্ষাত যিকোনো বিষয়ৰ ওপৰত ৰিপ’ৰ্ট লিখিবলৈ সহজ হ’ব।
1. Tree Plantation Drive (বৃক্ষৰোপণ অভিযান)
TREE PLANTATION PROGRAMME ORGANIZED
By a Student Reporter
Juria, 5th June: World Environment Day was celebrated(উদযাপন কৰা) yesterday at Dreamland Academy with a massive tree plantation drive. The program was inaugurated(উদ্বোধন কৰে) by the Principal of the school at 8:30 AM by planting (ৰোপণ কৰা) a sapling(গছপুলি) of a Krishnachura tree. Teachers and students of all classes participated enthusiastically(উৎসাহেৰে) in the event. About 200 saplings were planted in the school campus and nearby areas. A short speech was delivered(প্ৰদান কৰা) by the Science teacher on the importance of trees in maintaining ecological (পাৰিপাৰ্শ্বিক)balance. The event concluded with a pledge(প্ৰতিজ্ঞা) taken by the students to protect the environment and nurture(লালন-পালন কৰা) the newly planted saplings.
2. Road Accident (পথ দুৰ্ঘটনা)
A TERRIBLE ROAD ACCIDENT
By a Staff Reporter
Nagaon, 10th March: A tragic (শোক জনক) road accident took place last evening around 6:30 PM on the NH-37 near Juria. According to eyewitnesses (প্ৰত্যক্ষদৰ্শী), a speeding truck coming from the opposite direction lost control and hit a passenger van. Three persons died on the spot, and several others were seriously injured. Local people immediately rushed to the spot and helped in the rescue operation. The police arrived shortly and sent the injured to the Nagaon Civil Hospital for treatment. The driver of the truck managed to flee (পলায়ন কৰা) the spot. Traffic on the highway was disrupted (বিঘ্নিত হৈ পৰা ) for nearly two hours after the incident.
3. School Magazine Release (স্কুলৰ আলোচনী উন্মোচনী সভা)
SCHOOL MAGAZINE ‘PROGATI’ RELEASED
By Animesh Das
Juria, 20th February: The annual magazine of Dreamland Academy, titled ‘Progati’, was released today in a grand ceremony (জাকজমকীয়া উৎসৱ) held in the school hall. The function was presided over by the President of the School Managing Committee. A famous local writer was invited as the Chief Guest to formally release the magazine. In his speech, he praised(প্ৰশংসা কৰিলে) the creative efforts (প্ৰচেষ্টা) of the students and encouraged (উৎসাহিত কৰা হৈছে) them to continue writing. The Principal thanked the editorial (সম্পাদকীয়) board and the students for their hard work. Copies of the magazine were distributed (বিতৰণ কৰা) among the students and guests present at the function.
4. Free Medical Camp (বিনামূলীয়া চিকিৎসা শিবিৰ)
FREE MEDICAL CAMP HELD AT JURIA
By a Staff Reporter
Nagaon, 12th April: A one-day free medical camp(শিবিৰ) was organized yesterday at the premises (চৌহদ) of Dreamland Computer Education to provide (প্ৰদান কৰা) healthcare(স্বাস্থ্যসেৱা) services to the underprivileged(অসুবিধাগ্ৰস্ত) people of the locality. A team of five doctors, including specialists(বিশেষজ্ঞ) in medicine and pediatrics(শিশু চিকিৎসা), participated in the camp. More than 300 patients from nearby villages attended the camp for health check-ups. Free medicines were also distributed to the needy patients. The organizers stated that the main aim of the camp was to create health awareness (সজাগতা) among the rural masses (গ্ৰাম্য জনসাধাৰণ). The local people highly appreciated (প্ৰশংসা কৰা )thisnoble initiative (মহৎ পদক্ষেপ).
*****END*****
Story Writing
What is Story Writing?
A story is a short narration of real or imaginary events.
Story writing means writing a series of events in an interesting way.
A good story usually has:
- Characters
- Place
- Events
- Problem or action
- Ending with a moral
টা সাধু বা কাহিনী হ’ল প্ৰকৃত বা কাল্পনিক ঘটনাৰ এটা চুটি বৰ্ণনা।
সাধু লিখন (Story writing) মানে হ’ল কেইবাটাও ঘটনাৰ শৃংখলা এক আকৰ্ষণীয় ৰূপত লিখা।এখন ভাল সাধুত সাধাৰণতে তলত দিয়া দিশসমূহ থাকে:
- চৰিত্ৰসমূহ (Characters)
- স্থান (Place)
- ঘটনাসমূহ (Events)
- সমস্যা বা কাৰ্যকলাপ (Problem or action)
- নীতিশিক্ষাৰে সামৰণি (Ending with a moral)
Parts of a Story
1. Title
The name of the story. (কাহিনীৰ শিৰোনাম)
2. Beginning
Introduces the characters and place.(চৰিত্ৰ আৰু স্থানৰ চিনাকি প্ৰদান কৰা।)
3. Middle
Main events or problem happen here. (মূল ঘটনাসমূহ বা সমস্যাবোৰ ইয়াতেই সংঘটিত হয়।)
4. Ending
The story ends with a result or moral lesson.(সাধুটো এটা ফলাফল বা নীতিশিক্ষাৰে শেষ হয়।)
সাধু লিখনৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিশসমূহ (Important Points for Story Writing)
- সৰল ভাষা ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে। (Use simple language.)
- অতীত কালত লিখিব লাগে। (Write in past tense.)
- ঘটনাসমূহ ক্ৰমানুসৰি সজাব লাগে। (Arrange events in order.)
- এটা উপযুক্ত শিৰোনাম বা নাম দিব লাগে। (Give a suitable title.)
- সম্ভৱ হ’লে এটা নীতিশিক্ষাৰে সামৰণি মাৰিব লাগে। (End with a moral if possible.)
- বাক্যবোৰ চুটি আৰু স্পষ্ট হ’ব লাগে। (Keep sentences short and clear.)
What is Story Writing from Outline?
কেতিয়াবা পৰীক্ষাত কেৱল কেইটামান দিশ বা আভাস (Hints) দিয়া থাকে।
ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে সেই পইণ্ট বা আভাসসমূহৰ সহায়ত এখন সম্পূৰ্ণ সাধু লিখিব লাগে।এই আভাস বা ইংগিতবোৰকৰূপৰেখা (Outline)বুলি কোৱা হয়।
What is an Outline?
এখন ৰূপৰেখা (Outline) হ’ল এটা সাধুৰ মূল ঘটনাবোৰৰ চুটি বা চমু ৰূপ।
Example of an Outline
A thirsty crow — searching for water — found a pitcher — little water — dropped stones — water came up — drank water happily.
Using these points, we write a full story.
Steps to Write a Story from Outline
১. ৰূপৰেখাটো মনোযোগেৰে পঢ়া (Read the Outline Carefully) :- আটাইকেইটা পইণ্ট বা আভাস ভালদৰে বুজি লোৱা। (Understand all the points.)
২. ঘটনাসমূহ ক্ৰমানুসৰি সজোৱা (Arrange the Events) :-ঘটনাবোৰ সঠিক ক্ৰমত লিখা। (Write the events in proper order.)
৩. সম্পূৰ্ণ বাক্য তৈয়াৰ কৰা (Make Complete Sentences) :-চুটি আভাস বা ইংগিতবোৰক অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ বাক্যলৈ ৰূপান্তৰ কৰা। (Turn short hints into meaningful sentences.)
৪. এটা শিৰোনাম বা নাম দিয়া (Add a Title) :- প্ৰতিখন সাধুৰে এটা উপযুক্ত শিৰোনাম থাকিব লাগে। (Every story should have a suitable title.)
৫. অতীত কালত লিখা (Write in Past Tense) :- সৰহভাগ সাধুৱেই অতীত কালত লিখা হয়। (Most stories are written in past tense.)
৬. এটা নীতিশিক্ষা যোগ কৰা (Add a Moral) :-সাধুটো এটা নীতিশিক্ষাৰে সামৰণি মাৰিবা। (End the story with a moral lesson.)
Example 1
Outline
A thirsty crow — searched for water — found a pitcher — little water in it — could not drink — dropped stones into pitcher — water rose up — drank water happily.
The Thirsty Crow
One hot day, a crow became very thirsty. He searched for water here and there.
After some time, he found a pitcher near a house. There was only a little water in it. The crow could not reach the water with his beak.
The crow thought of a plan. He picked up small stones and dropped them into the pitcher one by one. Slowly the water level rose up.
At last, the crow drank the water and flew away happily.
Moral: Where there is a will, there is a way.
Example 2
Outline
A fox saw grapes — grapes hanging high — wanted to eat — jumped many times — could not reach — went away saying grapes were sour.
The Fox and the Grapes
One day a hungry fox was passing through a vineyard. He saw a bunch of ripe grapes hanging from a vine.
The grapes looked fresh and juicy. The fox wanted to eat them. He jumped again and again to reach the grapes but failed every time.
After trying many times, the fox became tired. He went away saying, “The grapes are sour.”
Moral: It is easy to despise what we cannot get.
Example 3
Outline
Dog got a piece of meat — crossing a bridge — saw reflection in water — thought another dog had meat — barked — meat fell into water — lost meat.
A Greedy Dog
One day a dog got a piece of meat from a butcher’s shop. He was carrying it in his mouth.
While crossing a bridge, he looked down into the water. He saw his own reflection and thought it was another dog carrying another piece of meat.
The greedy dog wanted that meat too. He barked at the other dog. As soon as he opened his mouth, his own piece of meat fell into the water.
Thus, the dog lost his meat because of greed.
Moral: Greed leads to loss.
পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ দিহা/পৰামৰ্শ (Important Tips for Exams)
- ৰূপৰেখাটো (Outline) পোনপটীয়াকৈ হুবহু নকল নকৰিবা। (Do not copy the outline directly.)
- প্ৰতিটো পইণ্ট বা আভাস বাক্যলৈ প্ৰসাৰিত কৰিবা। (Expand each point into sentences.)
- সৰল আৰু শুদ্ধ ইংৰাজী ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিবা। (Use simple and correct English.)
- সঠিক ক্ৰম বজায় ৰাখিবা। (Maintain proper sequence.)
- অধিক দীঘলীয়া বাক্য পৰিহাৰ কৰিবা। (Avoid very long sentences.)
- পৰিষ্কাৰ-পৰিচ্ছন্নকৈ লিখিবা। (Write neatly.)
Common Outline Story Topics
| Topic | Moral |
| The Hare and the Tortoise | Slow and steady wins the race |
| The Lion and the Mouse | Kindness is never wasted |
| Unity is Strength | United we stand |
| The Honest Woodcutter | Honesty is the best policy |
| The Boy Who Cried Wolf | Never tell lies |
Imprtant Points
- An outline gives the main points of a story. (এখন ৰূপৰেখাই এটা সাধুৰমূলদিশবোৰ প্ৰদান কৰে।)
- Stories are usually written in past tense. (সাধু সাধাৰণতেঅতীতকালত লিখা হয়।)
- Every story should have a suitable title / name. (প্ৰতিখন সাধুৰে এটা উপযুক্তশিৰোনাম / নামথাকিব লাগে।)
- A story often ends with a moral / result. (এখন সাধু প্ৰায়েই এটানীতিশিক্ষা / ফলাফলৰে শেষ হয়।)
- Events in a story should be written in proper order / sequence. (এটা সাধুৰ ঘটনাবোৰ সঠিকক্ৰমত লিখা উচিত।)
Practice Exercises
Develop the Following Outlines into Stories
- Two friends — passing through forest — saw bear — one climbed tree — other lay on ground — bear went away — true friend helps in danger.
2. Hare proud of speed — challenged tortoise — race started — hare slept — tortoise continued — won race.
3. Farmer had golden goose — laid one golden egg daily — farmer greedy — killed goose — found nothing.
সামৰণি (Conclusion)
ৰূপৰেখাৰ (Outline) পৰা সাধু লিখনে ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলক কল্পনাশক্তি আৰু লিখন শৈলী বৃদ্ধি কৰাত সহায় কৰে। চুটি আভাস বা ইংগিতবোৰ বাক্যলৈ প্ৰসাৰিত কৰাৰ জৰিয়তে ছাত্ৰ-ছাত্ৰীসকলে নিজৰ মনৰ ভাববোৰ কেনেকৈ স্পষ্টকৈ সজাব লাগে আৰু অৰ্থপূৰ্ণ সাধু লিখিব লাগে, সেই বিষয়ে শিকিব পাৰে।
******** END ******
TENSE(কাল)
Present Tense
বৰ্তমান কাল বাPresent Tenseহ’ল কোনো এটা কাম বৰ্তমান সময়ত হৈ থকা বা সচৰাচৰ ঘটি থকা বুজোৱা কাল।ইয়াক তলত দিয়া ধৰণে চাৰিটা ভাগত ভগাব পাৰি:
১. Present Indefinite Tense (সাধাৰণ বৰ্তমান কাল)
কোনো কাম বৰ্তমানত সচৰাচৰ ঘটা, কোনো চিৰন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কাম বুজাবলৈ এই Tense ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- Structure: Subject + Verb (s/es) + Object.
(যদি Subject-টো Third Person Singular Number হয়, তেন্তে Verb-ৰ শেষত‘s’বা‘es’যোগ হয়।-o, -ch, -sh, -z, -s, -ss, বা -x ৰে শেষ হোৱা ক্ৰিয়া(Verb) ৰ বাবে -es ব্যৱহাৰ কৰক (e.g., goes, teaches, fixes)। আন বেছিভাগ ক্ৰিয়াৰ বাবে কেৱল -s যোগ কৰক (e.g., plays, eats, runs)।)
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই ভাত খাওঁ। (I eat rice.)
- সূৰ্য পূব দিশত উঠে। (The sun rises in the east.) — চিৰন্তন সত্য
- সি স্কুললৈ যায়। (He goes to school.) — Third Person Singular
২. Present Continuous Tense (ঘটমান বৰ্তমান কাল)
কোনো এটা কাম বৰ্তমান সময়ত চলি থকা বা হৈ থকা বুজাবলৈ এই Tense ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- Structure: Subject + am/is/are + Verb + ing + Object.
- সহায়ক ক্ৰিয়াৰ ব্যৱহাৰ:
- Iৰ লগতam
- He/She/It/যিকোনো নামৰলগতis
- We/You/Theyৰ লগতare
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই এখন কিতাপ পঢ়ি আছোঁ। (I am reading a book.)
- ল’ৰাবোৰে খেলি আছে। (The boys are playing.)
- সীমা আহি আছে। (Sima is coming.)
৩. Present Perfect Tense (পুৰাঘটিত বৰ্তমান কাল)
কোনো এটা কাম অলপ আগতে শেষ হৈছে, কিন্তু তাৰ ফল এতিয়াও আছে— এনে বুজাবলৈ এই Tense ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- Structure: Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3) of Verb + Object.
- ব্যৱহাৰ:
- I/We/You/Theyৰ লগতhave
- He/She/Itৰ লগতhas
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই কামটো কৰিলোঁ। (I have done the work.)
- সি চিঠিখন লিখিছে। (He has written the letter.)
- তেওঁলোক আহি পালে। (They have arrived.)
৪. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (পুৰাঘটিত ঘটমান বৰ্তমান কাল)
কোনো এটা কাম অতীতত আৰম্ভ হৈ বৰ্তমান সময়লৈকে চলি থকা বুজাবলৈ এই Tense ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- Structure: Subject + have been/has been + Verb + ing + Object + Time reference (since/for).
- মন কৰিবলগীয়া:নির্দিষ্ট সময় বুজাবলৈ‘since’আৰু সময়ৰ ব্যাপ্তি বুজাবলৈ‘for’ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই দুঘণ্টা ধৰি পঢ়ি আছোঁ। (I have been reading for two hours.)
- ৰাতিপুৱাৰ পৰা বৰষুণ দি আছে। (It has been raining since morning.)
পৰীক্ষাত মন কৰিবলগীয়া কিছুমান শব্দ (Hints):
- Present Indefinite: Always, often, daily, everyday, usually.
- Present Continuous: Now, at present, look!, listen!
- Present Perfect: Just, already, yet, recently.
- Present Perfect Continuous: Since, for.
Test on Tenses (Present Tense)
Section A: Fill in the Blanks (1 x 5 = 5 Marks)
Fill in the blanks with the correct Present Indefinite or Present Continuous form of the verbs given in brackets.
- The Earth _______ (revolve) around the Sun.
- Look! The boys _______ (play) football in the rain.
- My mother _______ (cook) delicious food every day.
- Please be quiet; I _______ (try) to concentrate on my lessons.
- He _______ (go) to the library every Sunday.
Answer Key
Section A:
- revolves
- are playing
- cooks
- am trying
- goes
Section B: Present Perfect & Perfect Continuous (1 x 5 = 5 Marks)
Use the correct tense (Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous) for the following sentences.
- I _______ (write) three letters since morning.
- It _______ (rain) since last night.
- They _______ (live) in this house for ten years.
- She _______ (just / finish) her homework.
- We _______ (know) each other for a long time.
Answer Key
Section B:
- have written
- has been raining
- have been living
- has just finished
- have known (Note: ‘Know’ is a stative verb, usually not used in continuous form).
Section C: Sentence Transformation (2 x 5 = 10 Marks)
Rewrite the following sentences as directed in the brackets.
- She has eaten her lunch. (Change into Present Perfect Continuous)
- I have been waiting for you. (Change into Present Indefinite)
Answer Key
Section C:
- She has been eating her lunch.
- I wait for you.
Section D: Error Correction (1 x 5 = 5 Marks)
Identify and correct the tense-related errors in the following sentences.
- The sun is rising in the east.
- I am having a large house in the village.
- She has been reading this book since two hours.
- They has gone to the market just now.
- Are you liking this music?
Answer Key
Section D:
- The sun rises in the east. (Universal Truth)
- I have a large house… (Stative verb)
- …for two hours. (Duration of time)
- They have gone… (Subject-Verb agreement)
- Do you like this music? (Stative verb)
Paste Tense
অতীত কাল (Past Tense) মানে হ’ল যি কাম ইতিমধ্যে হৈ গৈছে। অতীত কালক চাৰিটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰি তলত সহজকৈ বুজাই দিয়া হ’ল:
১. সাধাৰণ অতীত (Simple Past Tense)
যি কাম অতীতত ঘটিছিল বা অতীতৰ কোনো অভ্যাস বুজাবলৈ এই কাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + Verb (Past form) + Object.
- অসমীয়া চিন:ক্ৰিয়াৰ শেষত -লোঁ, -লি, -লে আদি যোগ হয়।
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই ভাত খালোঁ। (I ate rice.)
- সি স্কুললৈ গ’ল। (He went to school.)
- সি কামটো কৰিলে । (He did the work)
২. অপূৰ্ণ অতীত (Past Continuous Tense)
অতীতত কোনো এটা কাম চলি আছিল বুজাবলৈ এই কাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + was/were + Verb-ing + Object.
- অসমীয়া চিন:ক্ৰিয়াৰ শেষত -আছিলোঁ, -আছিলি, -আছিল আদি যোগ হয়।
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই পঢ়ি আছিলোঁ। (I was reading.)
- তেওঁ পঢ়ি আছিল ।(He was reading)
- তেওঁলোকে খেলি আছিল। (They were playing.)
৩. পূৰ্ণ অতীত (Past Perfect Tense)
অতীতত দুটা কামৰ ভিতৰত এটা কাম আনটোৰ আগত হৈ গ’লে, আগতে হোৱা কামটো বুজাবলৈ Past Perfect ব্যৱহাৰ হয়। (ইয়াত প্ৰায়েBeforeবাAfterব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়)।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + had + Past Participle (V3) + Object.
- উদাহৰণ:
- ডাক্তৰজন অহাৰ আগতেই ৰোগীজন মৰিছিল। (The patient had died before the doctor came.)
- মই যোৱাৰ আগতে তেওঁ কামটো কৰিছিল। (He had done the work before I went.)
৪. পূৰ্ণ-অপূৰ্ণ অতীত (Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
অতীতত কোনো কাম এটা দীঘলীয়া সময় ধৰি চলি আছিল বুজাবলৈ এই কাল ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + had been + Verb-ing + Object.
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই দুঘণ্টা ধৰি কামটো কৰি আছিলোঁ। (I had been doing the work for two hours.)
- যোৱা সোমবাৰৰ পৰা বৰষুণ দি আছিল। (It had been raining since last Monday.)
Past Tense Worksheet
Q1. Fill in the blanks with the correct Simple Past form of the verbs given in brackets: (1 × 5 = 5)
- I ________ (see) a tiger in the zoo yesterday.
- They ________ (visit) Delhi last summer.
- My mother ________ (cook) delicious food for the guests.
- Shakespeare ________ (write) many famous plays.
- We ________ (not/go) to school on Sunday.
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key) : 1. saw, 2. visited, 3. cooked, 4. wrote, 5. did not go.
Q2. Rewrite the following sentences in Past Continuous Tense: (1 × 5 = 5)
- The boys play football.
- She sings a beautiful song.
- It rains heavily.
- I write a letter to my friend.
- The birds fly in the sky.
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key) :- 1. The boys were playing football, 2. She was singing…, 3. It was raining…, 4. I was writing…, 5. The birds were flying…
Q3. Choose the correct form of the verb (Past Perfect or Simple Past): (1 × 5 = 5)
- The train ________ (leave) before we reached the station.
- When I arrived, the meeting ________ (already/start).
- He ________ (finish) his homework before he went to play.
- The patient had died before the doctor ________ (come).
- I realized that I ________ (forget) my umbrella at home.
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key):- 1. had left, 2. had already started, 3. had finished, 4. came, 5. had forgotten.
Q4. Translate the following into English: (1 × 5 = 5)
- মই কালি এখন কিতাপ কিনিছিলোঁ।
- তেওঁলোকে পথাৰত খেলি আছিল।
- বৰষুণ দিয়াৰ আগতে আমি ঘৰ পাইছিলোঁ।
- তুমি যোৱা বছৰ ক’লৈ গৈছিলা?
- ৰাতিপুৱাৰ পৰা বৰষুণ দি আছিল।
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key):- 1. I bought a book yesterday. 2. They were playing in the field. 3. We had reached home before it rained. 4. Where did you go last year? 5. It had been raining since morning.
Future Tense
ভৱিষ্যৎ কাল (Future Tense) বুলিলে যিবোৰ কাম এতিয়াও হোৱা নাই, অৰ্থাৎ অনাগত সময়ত হ’ব, তেনেবোৰ কামক বুজায়। ইয়াক চাৰিটা ভাগত ভাগ কৰি তলত আলোচনা কৰা হ’ল:
১. সাধাৰণ ভৱিষ্যৎ (Simple Future Tense)
ভৱিষ্যতে কোনো এটা কাম সাধাৰণভাৱে হ’ব বুজাবলৈ এই কাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + shall/will + Verb (Present form) + Object.
- অসমীয়া চিন:ক্ৰিয়াৰ শেষত -ম, -বি, -বা, -ব আদি যোগ হয়।
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই কাইলৈ যাম। (I shall go tomorrow.)
- সি কামটো কৰিব। (He will do the work.)
Shall আৰু Will ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ
ব্যৱহাৰিক ইংৰাজী ব্যাকৰণতShallআৰুWillৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ। বৰ্তমান সময়ত ‘Will’ ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ অধিক জনপ্ৰিয় যদিও পৰীক্ষাত শুদ্ধ নম্বৰ পাবলৈ ইয়াৰ কিছুমান নিৰ্দিষ্ট নিয়ম জনাটো প্ৰয়োজন।
১. পৰম্পৰাগত নিয়ম (Traditional Rules)
সাধাৰণ ভৱিষ্যৎ কাল বুজাবলৈ তলত দিয়া ধৰণে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়:
- IআৰুWe (First Person) ৰ লগতShallবহে।
- Example: I shall go to school. (মই স্কুললৈ যাম।)
- You, He, She, It, They (Second & Third Person) ৰ লগতWillবহে।
- Example: He will play football. (সি ফুটবল খেলিব।)
২. বিশেষ নিয়ম (Reverse Usage)
কেতিয়াবা কোনো কথাজোৰ দি ক’বলৈ (Determination), প্ৰতিজ্ঞা কৰিবলৈ (Promise)বাধমকি দিবলৈ (Threat)এই নিয়মটো ওলোটা হয়:
- IআৰুWeৰ লগতWillবহে।
- Example: I will pass the exam. (মই পৰীক্ষাত উত্তীৰ্ণ হ’মেই – এটা দৃঢ় সংকল্প।)
- You, He, She, Theyৰ লগতShallবহে।
- Example: You shall get a prize. (তুমি পুৰস্কাৰ পাবাই – এটা প্ৰতিজ্ঞা।)
৩. প্ৰশ্ন সোধাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত (Interrogative)
প্ৰস্তাৱ দিয়া বা পৰামৰ্শ বিচৰাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত সদায়Shallব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়:
- Shall I open the door? (মই দুৱাৰখন খুলি দিম নেকি?)
- Shall we start the class? (আমি ক্লাচটো আৰম্ভ কৰিম নেকি?)
৪. আধুনিক ব্যৱহাৰ (Modern Usage)
বৰ্তমানৰ কথ্য ইংৰাজীত (Spoken English) প্ৰায় সকলো ক্ষেত্রতেWillব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। বিশেষকৈ চমু ৰূপ (Contractions) যেনে—I’ll, We’ll, He’ll, They’llব্যৱহাৰ কৰিলে ‘Shall’ আৰু ‘Will’ ৰ মাজত থকা পাৰ্থক্যটো ধৰা নপৰে।
মনত ৰাখিবলগীয়া কথা:
| Subject | Ordinary Future (সাধাৰণ) | Determination/Promise (জোৰ দি ক’লে) |
| I / We | Shall | Will |
| You / He / They | Will | Shall |
সহজ টিপ্ছ:যদি আপুনি পৰীক্ষাৰ বাবে প্ৰস্তুতি চলাইছে, তেন্তেIআৰুWeৰ লগতShallব্যৱহাৰ কৰক। কিন্তু যদি কোনো কাম কৰিবই বুলি জোৰ দি বুজাব খুজিছে, তেন্তেWillব্যৱহাৰ কৰক।
Fill in the blanks with ‘Shall’ or ‘Will’:
১. I ________ go to school tomorrow. (মই কাইলৈ স্কুললৈ যাম।)
২. They ________ play a match next Sunday. (তেওঁলোকে অহা দেওবাৰে এখন খেল খেলিব।)
৩. We ________ help you in your project. (আমি তোমাক প্ৰকল্পটোত সহায় কৰিম।)
৪. He ________ buy a new bicycle. (সি এখন নতুন চাইকেল কিনিব।)
৫. ________ I bring a glass of water for you? (মই তোমাৰ বাবে এগিলাচ পানী আনিম নেকি?)
Ans:-
১. I shall go to school tomorrow.
২. They will play a match next Sunday.
৩. We shall help you in your project.
৪. He will buy a new bicycle.
৫.Shall I bring a glass of water for you?
২. অপূৰ্ণ ভৱিষ্যৎ (Future Continuous Tense)
ভৱিষ্যতে কোনো এটা কাম কিছু সময়ৰ বাবে চলি থাকিব বুজাবলৈ এই কাল ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + shall be/will be + Verb-ing + Object.
- অসমীয়া চিন:ক্ৰিয়াৰ শেষত-থাকিব, -থাকিম আদি যোগ হয়।
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই পঢ়ি থাকিম। (I shall be reading.)
- তেওঁলোকে খেলি থাকিব। (They will be playing.)
৩. পূৰ্ণ ভৱিষ্যৎ (Future Perfect Tense)
ভৱিষ্যতে কোনো এটা কাম এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ আগতে শেষ হ’ব বুজাবলৈ এই কাল ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + shall have/will have + Past Participle (V3) + Object.
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই ১০ বজাৰ আগতে কামটো কৰি উঠিম। (I shall have finished the work before 10 o’clock.)
- শিক্ষকজন অহাৰ আগতে আমি পঢ়া শেষ কৰিম। (We shall have finished our lesson before the teacher comes.)
৪. পূৰ্ণ-অপূৰ্ণ ভৱিষ্যৎ (Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
ভৱিষ্যতে কোনো এটা কাম এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ হৈ চলি থাকিব বুজাবলৈ এই কাল ব্যৱহাৰ হয়।
- গঠন (Structure): Subject + shall have been/will have been + Verb-ing + Object.
- উদাহৰণ:
- মই এসপ্তাহ ধৰি কামটো কৰি থাকিম। (I shall have been doing the work for a week.)
Future Tense Exceptions
১. Present Continuous for Future
আগতেই fix কৰা plan (arrangement)
Example: 1) I am meeting him tomorrow.(মই কাইলৈ তেওঁক লগ পাম)
ইয়াত present form হলেওfuture meaningআছে
2) He is Going to buy a Motorcycle.
3) Mr Saikia is going to resign from the job.
২. Simple Present for Future
👉 timetable / schedule / fixed program
Structure:
Subject + verb (present form)
Example:The train leaves at 6 AM tomorrow.(গাড়ী কাইলৈ ৬ বজাৰ সময়ত ওলাই)
একেবাৰে fixed সময়
৩. “About to” Future
একেবাৰে সোনকালেই হ’ব (immediate future)
Structure:Subject + am/is/are + about to + verb
Example:The train is about to leave.(গাড়ী এতিয়াই ওলাই যাবলৈ ধৰিছে)
মুখ্য কথা (Important Idea):
👉 Future Tense মানে কেৱলwill/shall নহয়
👉ইংৰাজীতবহুত ধৰণে future বুজোৱা যায়
একেবাৰে সংক্ষেপে:
will/shall → Simple Future
- going to → planned future
- present continuous → fixed plan
- simple present → timetable
- about to → immediate future
Future Tense Worksheet
Q1. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Future form (shall/will) of the verbs: (1 × 5 = 5)
- I ________ (help) you with your homework tonight.
- They ________ (arrive) at the station by 6 PM.
- It ________ (be) a sunny day tomorrow.
- We ________ (go) for a picnic next Sunday.
- The shop ________ (close) at 9 o’clock.
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key): 1. shall help, 2. will arrive, 3. will be, 4. shall go, 5. will close.
Q2. Change the following sentences into Future Continuous Tense: (1 × 5 = 5)
(Formula: Subject + shall be/will be + Verb-ing)
- I read a book. → I ____________________________.
- She cooks dinner. → She ____________________________.
- They watch TV. → They ____________________________.
- It rains in the evening. → It ____________________________.
- We travel to Guwahati. → We ____________________________.
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key):-1. shall be reading, 2. will be cooking, 3. will be watching, 4. will be raining, 5. shall be traveling.
Q3. Complete the sentences using Future Perfect Tense (shall have/will have + V3): (1 × 5 = 5)
- By next month, I ________________ (finish) this project.
- They ________________ (leave) before you reach their home.
- The train ________________ (start) by the time we get to the station.
- She ________________ (clean) the room before the guests arrive.
- We ________________ (complete) our syllabus by December.
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key):1. shall have finished, 2. will have left, 3. will have started, 4. will have cleaned, 5. shall have completed.
Q4. Translate the following into English: (1 × 5 = 5)
- মই কাইলৈ এখন নতুন ছবিত অভিনয় কৰিম।
- তেওঁলোকে পথাৰত ফুটবল খেলি থাকিব।
- বৰষুণ দিয়াৰ আগতে আমি ঘৰ পাই যাম।
- তুমি মোৰ বাবে অপেক্ষা কৰি থাকিবা নেকি?
- অহা বছৰ আমি আমাৰ স্কুলৰ ১০ বছৰীয়া জয়ন্তী পালন কৰিম।
উত্তৰমালা (Answer Key)
- I shall/will act in a new movie tomorrow.
- They will be playing football in the field.
- We shall have reached home before it rains.
- Will you be waiting for me?
- Next year, we shall/will celebrate the 10th anniversary of our school.
Tenses – Structure and Uses
1. Present Tense
| Tense Type | Structure | Example | Use |
| Simple Present | Subject + V1 (s/es) | She plays cricket. | Regular actions, facts, habits নিয়মীয়া কাম, তথ্য, অভ্যাস |
| Present Continuous | Subject + is/am/are + V1 + ing | I am reading a book. | Action happening now এতিয়া হৈ থকা কাৰ্য্য |
| Present Perfect | Subject + has/have + V3 | They have eaten lunch. | Completed action with result in the present বৰ্তমানৰ ফলাফলৰ সৈতে সম্পূৰ্ণ কাৰ্য্য |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Subject + has/have been + V1 + ing | She has been singing for 2 hours. | Action that started in the past and is still continuing পূৰ্বতে আৰম্ভ হোৱা আৰু এতিয়াও চলি থকা কাৰ্য্য |
2. Past Tense
| Tense Type | Structure | Example | Use |
| Simple Past | Subject + V2 | He watched TV. | Completed action in the past অতীতত সম্পূৰ্ণ কৰা কাৰ্য্য |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + V1 + ing | They were studying. | Past action in progress অতীতৰ কাৰ্য্য চলি আছে |
| Past Perfect | Subject + had + V3 | She had finished homework. | Past action completed before another past action আন এটা অতীতৰ কাৰ্য্যৰ আগতে সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা অতীতৰ কাৰ্য্য |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Subject + had been + V1 + ing | He had been working for 5 hours. | Action continuing up to a point in the past অতীতৰ এটা পৰ্যায়লৈকে কাৰ্য্য চলি থকা |
3. Future Tense
| Tense Type | Structure | Example | Use |
| Simple Future | Subject + will/shall + V1 | I will go to school. | Future actions or decisions ভৱিষ্যতৰ কাৰ্য্য বা সিদ্ধান্ত |
| Future Continuous | Subject + will be + V1 + ing | She will be writing. | Future action in progress ভৱিষ্যতৰ কাৰ্য্য চলি আছে |
| Future Perfect | Subject + will have + V3 | They will have completed the task. | Action completed before a certain point in future ভৱিষ্যতে এটা নিৰ্দিষ্ট সময়ৰ আগতেই সম্পূৰ্ণ হোৱা কাৰ্য্য |
| Future Perfect Continuous | Subject + will have been + V1 + ing | He will have been working for 5 hours. | Action continuing till a future time ভৱিষ্যতৰ সময়লৈকে অব্যাহত থকা কাৰ্য্য |
Tips for Students
- V1 = base form (go, eat, write)
- V2 = past form (went, ate, wrote)
- V3 = past participle (gone, eaten, written)
*******END******
Types of Sentences (বাক্যৰ প্ৰকাৰ):
- Simple Sentence (সৰল বাক্য):যিটো বাক্যত কেৱল এটা Subject আৰু এটা Finite Verb (সমাপিকা ক্ৰিয়া) থাকে।
- উদাহৰণ: We returned home at sunset.
- Compound Sentence (যৌগিক বাক্য):যেতিয়া দুটা স্বাধীন বাক্য Coordinating Conjunction (যেনে-and, but) ৰ দ্বাৰা যোগ হয়।
- উদাহৰণ: The sun rose and the fog disappeared.
- Complex Sentence (জটিল বাক্য):যেতিয়া এটা প্ৰধান বাক্যৰ লগত এটা বা তাতোধিক নিৰ্ভৰশীল বাক্য Subordinating Conjunction (যেনে-that, who, string, if) ৰ দ্বাৰা যোগ হয়।
- উদাহৰণ: We all know that God is almighty.
VOICE
Active Voice (কৰ্তৃবাচ্য) কি?
যেতিয়া কোনো বাক্যতSubjectবা কৰ্তাই নিজেই কামটো কৰে, তেতিয়া সেই বাক্যটোকActive Voiceবুলি কোৱা হয়। ইয়াত ‘Subject’ বা কৰ্তাক আটাইতকৈ বেছি গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।
গঠন (Structure):
Subject+ Verb + Object
উদাহৰণ:
- Ram (Subject) eats (Verb) rice (Object).
- ইয়াত ‘Ram’ এ নিজেই ভাত খোৱা কামটো কৰিছে, সেয়েহে ই Active Voice।
Active Voice-ৰ বিভিন্ন Tense-ত ব্যৱহাৰ:
পৰীক্ষাত Voice Change কৰিবলৈ হ’লে প্ৰথমে Active Voice-ৰ বাক্যটো কোনটো Tense-ত আছে তাক চিনাক্ত কৰিব লাগিব।
১. Present Tense (বৰ্তমান কাল)
- Simple Present: Subject + V1 (s/es) + Object.
- Example: She writes a letter.
- Present Continuous: Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing + Object.
- Example: I am doing the work.
- Present Perfect: Subject + have/has + V3+ Object.
- Example: He has finished the task.
২. Past Tense (অতীত কাল)
- Simple Past: Subject + V2+ Object.
- Example: The boy played football.
- Past Continuous: Subject + was/were + Verb-ing + Object.
- Example: They were catching fish.
- Past Perfect: Subject + had + V + Object.
- Example: We had won the match.
৩. Future Tense (ভৱিষ্যত কাল)
- Simple Future: Subject + shall/will + V + Object.
- Example: I shall buy a book.
Active Voice-ৰ পৰা Passive Voice কৰাৰ ৫ টা মূল নিয়ম:
পৰীক্ষাত আমাক সাধাৰণতে Active-ৰ পৰা Passive কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। তাৰ বাবে এই কেইটা খোজ মনত ৰাখিব লাগে:
- Object-টো Subject কৰিব লাগে: Active বাক্যটোৰ শেষত থকা Object-টো Passive বাক্যৰ আৰম্ভণিত বহিব।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Be-verb (am/is/are/was/were/been/being) বহুৱাব লাগে।
- সদায় মূল Verb-টোৰ Past Participle ($V_3$) ৰূপ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে।
- এটা Preposition (প্ৰায়ভাগ ক্ষেত্ৰত ‘by’) বহুৱাব লাগে।
- Subject-টো Object কৰিব লাগে: Active-ৰ আৰম্ভণিত থকা Subject-টো শেষলৈ যাব।
Pronoun-ৰ সলনি হোৱা নিয়ম:
Active Voice-ৰ Subject-টো Passive-ত Object হওঁতে তলত দিয়া ধৰণে সলনি হয়:
| Active (Subject) | Passive (Object) |
| I | me |
| We | us |
| You | you |
| He | him |
| She | her |
| They | them |
| It | it |
পৰীক্ষাত আহিব পৰা কিছুমান বিশেষ উদাহৰণ:
১.Active: I know him. Passive: He is known to me. (মন কৰিবা, ‘know’ verb থাকিলে ‘by’ নহৈ ‘to’ হয়।)
২.Active: The teacher is teaching English. Passive: English is being taught by the teacher.
৩.Active: Open the door. (Imperative Sentence) Passive:Let the door be opened.
৪.Active: Who did this? Passive:By whom was this done?
Passive Voice কি?
যেতিয়া কোনো বাক্যত কৰ্তাই নিজে কামটো নকৰি, কৰ্মটোৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তাৰ দ্বাৰা কামটো কৰা হোৱা বুজায়, তাকেইPassive Voiceবোলে।
গঠন (Structure):
Object (as Subject)+ Be-verb+ V3 + by+ Subject (as Object)
Tense অনুযায়ী Passive Voice-ৰ সলনি:
১. Present Tense (বৰ্তমান কাল):
- Simple Present: (am/is/are + V3)
- Active: I eat rice.
- Passive: Rice is eaten by me.
- Present Continuous: (am/is/are + being + V3)
- Active: She is singing a song.
- Passive: A song is being sung by her.
- Present Perfect: (have/has + been + V3)
- Active: They have done the work.
- Passive: The work has been done by them.
২. Past Tense (অতীত কাল):
- Simple Past: (was/were + V3)
- Active: He killed a snake.
- Passive: A snake was killed by him.
- Past Continuous: (was/were + being + V3)
- Active: We were playing football.
- Passive: Football was being played by us.
- Past Perfect: (had + been + V3)
- Active: You had seen the movie.
- Passive: The movie had been seen by you.
৩. Future Tense (ভৱিষ্যত কাল):
- Simple Future: (shall/will + be + V3)
- Active: Ram will write a letter.
- Passive: A letter will be written by Ram.
বিশেষ কিছুমান নিয়ম (Special Rules):
১. Imperative Sentence (আজ্ঞা বা অনুৰোধসূচক):
আজ্ঞা বুজোৱা বাক্যবোৰ Passive কৰোঁতে‘Let’ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- গঠন: Let + Object + be + V3
- Active: Shut the door.
- Passive:Let the door be shut.
- Active: Tell him to go.
- Passive:Let him be told to go.
২. Interrogative Sentence (প্ৰশ্নবোধক):
- ‘Who’ থাকিলে Passive-ত‘By whom’হয়।
- Active: Who wrote this book?
- Passive:By whom was this book written?
- ‘What’ বা ‘How’ থাকিলে সেইবোৰ একেই থাকে।
- Active: What are you doing?
- Passive: What is being done by you?
৩. Preposition-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ (‘By’ ৰ সলনি):
সকলো Verb-ৰ পাছত ‘By’ নহয়। কিছুমান বিশেষ Verb-ৰ পাছত বেলেগ Preposition বহে:
- Know: (Known to)
- Active: I know him.
- Passive: He is known to me. (Known by নহয়)
- Surprise: (Surprised at)
- Active:His behavior surprised me.
- Passive:I was surprised at his behavior.
- Satisfy: (Satisfied with)
- Active:Your work satisfies me
- Passive: I am satisfied with your work.
মনত ৰাখিবলগীয়া কথা:
১.Intransitive Verb (যিবোৰ ক্ৰিয়াৰ Object নাথাকে) ৰ সাধাৰণতে Passive Voice নহয়। যেনে:He goes to school. (ইয়াৰ Passive নহয়)।
২. Passive Voice-ত সদায়Main VerbটোPast Participle ($V_3$)ৰূপত থাকে।
৩. যদি Active Voice-ত দুটা Object থাকে (Direct আৰু Indirect), তেন্তে যিকোনো এটাক Subject কৰি Passive কৰিব পাৰি।
👉 Active ৰ পৰা Passive কৰকঃ
- Ram eats rice.
- She sings a song.
- They built a house.
- He will write a letter.
- We play cricket.
✅ Answer Key
- Rice is eaten by Ram.
- A song is sung by her.
- A house was built by them.
- A letter will be written by him.
- Cricket is played by us.
📝 Worksheet – Passive Voice
✅ A. Present Tense (Active → Passive)
- Ram eats rice.
👉 Rice is eaten by Ram. - Sita writes a letter.
👉 A letter is written by Sita. - They play football.
👉 Football is played by them. - He reads a book.
👉 A book is read by him. - We clean the room.
👉 The room is cleaned by us.
✅ B. Past Tense (Active → Passive)
- Raju wrote a letter.
👉 A letter was written by Raju. - She cooked food.
👉 Food was cooked by her. - They built a house.
👉 A house was built by them. - He bought a car.
👉 A car was bought by him. - We helped the poor.
👉 The poor were helped by us.
✅ C. Future Tense (Active → Passive)
- He will do the work.
👉 The work will be done by him. - She will sing a song.
👉 A song will be sung by her. - They will finish the work.
👉 The work will be finished by them. - Ram will open the door.
👉 The door will be opened by Ram. - We will learn English.
👉 English will be learnt by us. (learned/learnt দুয়োটাচলিব)
MCQ Test (Choose the correct answer)
- A letter ___ by him.
a) write
b) is written
c) writes
d) writing
Answer: b) is written
- Football ___ by them.
a) plays
b) played
c) is played
d) playing
👉 Answer: c) is played
- A house was ___ by them.
a) build
b) built
c) builds
d) building
👉 Answer: b) built
- Rice is ___ by Ram.
a) eat
b) eaten
c) ate
d) eating
👉 Answer: b) eaten
- The work will be ___ by him.
a) do
b) did
c) done
d) doing
👉 Answer: c) done
Passive Voice কি?
Passive Voice (কৰ্মবাচ্য) হৈছে এনে বাক্য, য’তকৰ্ম (Object)টো গুৰুত্ব পায় আৰু বাক্যৰ আৰম্ভণিতে থাকে। কৰ্তা (Subject) জনে কামটো কৰে যদিও তাক শেষত উল্লেখ কৰা হয় বা কেতিয়াবা নকৰাও হয়।
🔸 Active vs Passive
Active Voice (কর্তৃবাচ্য) :- কর্তাই কামটো কৰে।
Example: –Ram eats a mango. (ৰামে এটা আম খায়।)
Passive Voice (কৰ্মবাচ্য):-কৰ্মটোৱে কামটো পাই।
Example:A mango is eaten by Ram.(এটা আম ৰামৰ দ্বাৰা খোৱা হয়।)
🔹 Structure (গঠন)
👉Passive Voice Formula:
👉Object + be verb + V³ (Past Participle) + by + Subject
📌Example:
She writes a letter. (Active)
A letter is written by her. (Passive)
🔸 Tense অনুযায়ী Passive Voice
1. Present Tense
👉Active: He plays football.
👉Passive: Football is played by him.
👉 Structure:
Object + is/am/are + V³
2. Past Tense
👉Active: He played football.
👉Passive: Football was played by him.
👉 Structure:
Object + was/were + V³
3. Future Tense
👉Active: He will play football.
👉Passive: Football will be played by him.
👉 Structure:
Object + will be + V³
🔹 Important Rules (গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম)
- Object নাই = Passive নাই
👉 Intransitive verb (য’ত object নাই) passive নহয়
Example: He sleeps. ❌ (Passive possible নহয়) - Verb সদায় V³ ৰূপত হব লাগে
👉 eat → eaten
👉 write → written - ‘by’ phrase optional
👉কেতিয়াবা কৰ্তা উল্লেখ নকৰিলেও চলে
Example:
The work is done. ✔️ - Pronoun change হয়
👉 I → me
👉 he → him
👉 she → her
🔸 More Examples
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Sita reads a book. | A book is read by Sita. |
| They clean the room. | The room is cleaned by them. |
| Raju wrote a letter. | A letter was written by Raju. |
📝 Practice Questions
Passive to Active
Examples
- Passive: A letter is written by Sita.
👉Active: Sita writes a letter.
- Passive: Football is played by them.
👉Active: They play football.
- Passive: A house was built by them.
👉Active: They built a house.
- Passive: The work will be done by him.
👉Active: He will do the work.
- Passive: The room is cleaned by us.
👉Active: We clean the room.
🔹 Important Rules
- by + subject নাই হলে →subject অনুমান কৰিব লাগে
👉 Example:
The work is done.
👉 Someone does the work. - Tense ঠিক ৰাখিব লাগে
👉 is written → writes
👉 was written → wrote
👉 will be written → will write - Pronoun change হয়
👉 him → he
👉 her → she
👉 them → they
📝 Practice (Passive → Active কৰক)
- A song is sung by her.
- The door was opened by Ram.
- A letter will be written by him.
- The work is done by them.
- Food was cooked by mother.
✅ Answer Key
- She sings a song.
- Ram opened the door.
- He will write a letter.
- They do the work.
- Mother cooked food.
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WORD ORDER
Word Order refers to the specific arrangement of words in a sentence to make it grammatically correct and meaningful. English follows a very strict structure, and if you change the order, the meaning changes or becomes nonsensical.
Word Order (শব্দৰ ক্ৰম) মানে হ’ল এটা বাক্যত শব্দবোৰক ব্যাকৰণ সন্মতভাৱে সঠিক স্থানত বহুওৱা। ইংৰাজী ভাষাত শব্দৰ ক্ৰম অতি গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ, কাৰণ শব্দৰ স্থান সলনি হ’লে বাক্যটোৰ অৰ্থ সলনি হ’ব পাৰে বা বাক্যটো অশুদ্ধ হ’ব পাৰে।
The most basic word order in English is S-V-O:
- Subject (The doer)
- Verb (The action)
- Object (The receiver)
ইংৰাজী বাক্য এটাৰ আটাইতকৈ সাধাৰণ নিয়মটো হ’ল— প্ৰথমেSubject (কৰ্তা), তাৰপিছতVerb (ক্ৰিয়া) আৰু শেষতObject (কৰ্ম) বহে।
- Subject (S):যিয়ে কামটো কৰে।
- Verb (V):কামটো বুজোৱা শব্দ।
- Object (O):যাৰ ওপৰত কামটো কৰা হয়।
উদাহৰণ:
- English:I (S) eat (V) rice (O).
- Assamese:মই ভাত খাওঁ। (অসমীয়াত কৰ্মটো মাজত বহে, কিন্তু ইংৰাজীত ক্ৰিয়াটো মাজত থাকে)।
Key Rules of Word Order
Here is how words are usually arranged in different types of sentences:
1. Affirmative Sentences (Statements)
Structure: Subject + Verb + Object + Place + Time
Example: I (S) bought (V) a book (O) in the market (Place) yesterday (Time).
প্ৰশ্ন:heavy / rain / is / there / outside
উত্তৰ:There is heavy rain outside.
প্ৰশ্ন:best / honesty / is / the / policy
উত্তৰ:Honesty is the best policy.
2. Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + Helping Verb + not + Main Verb + Object
- Example: He does not like apples.
3. Interrogative Sentences (Questions)
প্ৰশ্ন কৰিলে সহায়কাৰী ক্ৰিয়া (Helping Verb) টো Subject ৰ আগলৈ আহে।
StructureHelping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + …?
- উদাহৰণ: Are you reading? (নতুবা: Do you play?)
- Wh- Question: Where do you live? (Wh- শব্দবোৰ সদায় বাক্যৰ আৰম্ভণিতে বহে)।
4. Adjective Order
When you use more than one adjective, there is a specific order (Opinion → Size → Age → Color → Origin):
- Correct: A beautiful (opinion) large (size) old (age) red (color) car.
২. স্থান আৰু সময় (Place and Time)
বাক্যত যদি স্থান আৰু সময় দুয়োটা থাকে, তেন্তে সাধাৰণতেস্থান (Place)আগত বহে আৰুসময় (Time)পিছত বহে।
- S + V + O + Place + Time
- উদাহৰণ: He (S) played (V) football (O) in the field (Place) yesterday (Time).
Q:- Re-arrange the following sentences-
- a / story / tells / us / grandmother / my
- you / finish / did / homework / your / ?
- beautiful / a / what / flower / !
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