Active Voice
যেতিয়া কোনো বাক্যত Subject বা কৰ্তাই নিজেই কামটো কৰে, তেতিয়া সেই বাক্যটোক Active Voiceবুলি কোৱা হয়। ইয়াত ‘Subject’ বা কৰ্তাক আটাইতকৈ বেছি গুৰুত্ব দিয়া হয়।
গঠন (Structure):
Subject+ Verb + Object
উদাহৰণ:
- Ram (Subject) eats (Verb) rice (Object).
- ইয়াত ‘Ram’ এ নিজেই ভাত খোৱা কামটো কৰিছে, সেয়েহে ই Active Voice।
Active Voice-ৰ বিভিন্ন Tense-ত ব্যৱহাৰ:
পৰীক্ষাত Voice Change কৰিবলৈ হ’লে প্ৰথমে Active Voice-ৰ বাক্যটো কোনটো Tense-ত আছে তাক চিনাক্ত কৰিব লাগিব।
১. Present Tense (বৰ্তমান কাল)
- Simple Present: Subject + V1 (s/es) + Object.
- Example: She writes a letter.
- Present Continuous: Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing + Object.
- Example: I am doing the work.
- Present Perfect: Subject + have/has + V3+ Object.
- Example: He has finished the task.
২. Past Tense (অতীত কাল)
- Simple Past: Subject + V2+ Object.
- Example: The boy played football.
- Past Continuous: Subject + was/were + Verb-ing + Object.
- Example: They were catching fish.
- Past Perfect: Subject + had + V + Object.
- Example: We had won the match.
৩. Future Tense (ভৱিষ্যত কাল)
- Simple Future: Subject + shall/will + V + Object.
- Example: I shall buy a book.
Active Voice-ৰ পৰা Passive Voice কৰাৰ ৫ টা মূল নিয়ম:
পৰীক্ষাত আমাক সাধাৰণতে Active-ৰ পৰা Passive কৰিবলৈ দিয়া হয়। তাৰ বাবে এই কেইটা খোজ মনত ৰাখিব লাগে:
- Object-টো Subject কৰিব লাগে: Active বাক্যটোৰ শেষত থকা Object-টো Passive বাক্যৰ আৰম্ভণিত বহিব।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Be-verb (am/is/are/was/were/been/being) বহুৱাব লাগে।
- সদায় মূল Verb-টোৰ Past Participle ($V_3$) ৰূপ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰিব লাগে।
- এটা Preposition (প্ৰায়ভাগ ক্ষেত্ৰত ‘by’) বহুৱাব লাগে।
- Subject-টো Object কৰিব লাগে: Active-ৰ আৰম্ভণিত থকা Subject-টো শেষলৈ যাব।
Pronoun-ৰ সলনি হোৱা নিয়ম:
Active Voice-ৰ Subject-টো Passive-ত Object হওঁতে তলত দিয়া ধৰণে সলনি হয়:
| Active (Subject) | Passive (Object) |
| I | me |
| We | us |
| You | you |
| He | him |
| She | her |
| They | them |
| It | it |
পৰীক্ষাত আহিব পৰা কিছুমান বিশেষ উদাহৰণ:
১.Active: I know him. Passive: He is known to me. (মন কৰিবা, ‘know’ verb থাকিলে ‘by’ নহৈ ‘to’ হয়।)
২.Active: The teacher is teaching English. Passive: English is being taught by the teacher.
৩.Active: Open the door. (Imperative Sentence) Passive:Let the door be opened.
৪.Active: Who did this? Passive:By whom was this done?
Passive Voice
যেতিয়া কোনো বাক্যত কৰ্তাই নিজে কামটো নকৰি, কৰ্মটোৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তাৰ দ্বাৰা কামটো কৰা হোৱা বুজায়, তাকেইPassive Voiceবোলে।
গঠন (Structure):
Object (as Subject)+ Be-verb+ V3 + by+ Subject (as Object)
Tense অনুযায়ী Passive Voice-ৰ সলনি:
১. Present Tense (বৰ্তমান কাল):
- Simple Present: (am/is/are + V3)
- Active: I eat rice.
- Passive: Rice is eaten by me.
- Present Continuous: (am/is/are + being + V3)
- Active: She is singing a song.
- Passive: A song is being sung by her.
- Present Perfect: (have/has + been + V3)
- Active: They have done the work.
- Passive: The work has been done by them.
২. Past Tense (অতীত কাল):
- Simple Past: (was/were + V3)
- Active: He killed a snake.
- Passive: A snake was killed by him.
- Past Continuous: (was/were + being + V3)
- Active: We were playing football.
- Passive: Football was being played by us.
- Past Perfect: (had + been + V3)
- Active: You had seen the movie.
- Passive: The movie had been seen by you.
৩. Future Tense (ভৱিষ্যত কাল):
- Simple Future: (shall/will + be + V3)
- Active: Ram will write a letter.
- Passive: A letter will be written by Ram.
বিশেষ কিছুমান নিয়ম (Special Rules):
১. Imperative Sentence (আজ্ঞা বা অনুৰোধসূচক):
আজ্ঞা বুজোৱা বাক্যবোৰ Passive কৰোঁতে‘Let’ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়।
- গঠন: Let + Object + be + V3
- Active: Shut the door.
- Passive:Let the door be shut.
- Active: Tell him to go.
- Passive:Let him be told to go.
২. Interrogative Sentence (প্ৰশ্নবোধক):
- ‘Who’ থাকিলে Passive-ত‘By whom’হয়।
- Active: Who wrote this book?
- Passive:By whom was this book written?
- ‘What’ বা ‘How’ থাকিলে সেইবোৰ একেই থাকে।
- Active: What are you doing?
- Passive: What is being done by you?
৩. Preposition-ৰ ব্যৱহাৰ (‘By’ ৰ সলনি):
সকলো Verb-ৰ পাছত ‘By’ নহয়। কিছুমান বিশেষ Verb-ৰ পাছত বেলেগ Preposition বহে:
- Know: (Known to)
- Active: I know him.
- Passive: He is known to me. (Known by নহয়)
- Surprise: (Surprised at)
- Active:His behavior surprised me.
- Passive:I was surprised at his behavior.
- Satisfy: (Satisfied with)
- Active:Your work satisfies me
- Passive: I am satisfied with your work.
মনত ৰাখিবলগীয়া কথা:
১.Intransitive Verb (যিবোৰ ক্ৰিয়াৰ Object নাথাকে) ৰ সাধাৰণতে Passive Voice নহয়। যেনে:He goes to school. (ইয়াৰ Passive নহয়)।
২. Passive Voice-ত সদায়Main VerbটোPast Participle ($V_3$)ৰূপত থাকে।
৩. যদি Active Voice-ত দুটা Object থাকে (Direct আৰু Indirect), তেন্তে যিকোনো এটাক Subject কৰি Passive কৰিব পাৰি।
👉 Active ৰ পৰা Passive কৰকঃ
- Ram eats rice.
- She sings a song.
- They built a house.
- He will write a letter.
- We play cricket.
✅ Answer Key
- Rice is eaten by Ram.
- A song is sung by her.
- A house was built by them.
- A letter will be written by him.
- Cricket is played by us.
📝 Worksheet – Passive Voice
✅ A. Present Tense (Active → Passive)
- Ram eats rice.
👉 Rice is eaten by Ram. - Sita writes a letter.
👉 A letter is written by Sita. - They play football.
👉 Football is played by them. - He reads a book.
👉 A book is read by him. - We clean the room.
👉 The room is cleaned by us.
✅ B. Past Tense (Active → Passive)
- Raju wrote a letter.
👉 A letter was written by Raju. - She cooked food.
👉 Food was cooked by her. - They built a house.
👉 A house was built by them. - He bought a car.
👉 A car was bought by him. - We helped the poor.
👉 The poor were helped by us.
✅ C. Future Tense (Active → Passive)
- He will do the work.
👉 The work will be done by him. - She will sing a song.
👉 A song will be sung by her. - They will finish the work.
👉 The work will be finished by them. - Ram will open the door.
👉 The door will be opened by Ram. - We will learn English.
👉 English will be learnt by us. (learned/learnt দুয়োটাচলিব)
MCQ Test (Choose the correct answer)
- A letter ___ by him.
a) write
b) is written
c) writes
d) writing
Answer: b) is written
- Football ___ by them.
a) plays
b) played
c) is played
d) playing
👉 Answer: c) is played
- A house was ___ by them.
a) build
b) built
c) builds
d) building
👉 Answer: b) built
- Rice is ___ by Ram.
a) eat
b) eaten
c) ate
d) eating
👉 Answer: b) eaten
- The work will be ___ by him.
a) do
b) did
c) done
d) doing
👉 Answer: c) done
Passive Voice কি?
Passive Voice (কৰ্মবাচ্য) হৈছে এনে বাক্য, য’তকৰ্ম (Object)টো গুৰুত্ব পায় আৰু বাক্যৰ আৰম্ভণিতে থাকে। কৰ্তা (Subject) জনে কামটো কৰে যদিও তাক শেষত উল্লেখ কৰা হয় বা কেতিয়াবা নকৰাও হয়।
🔸 Active vs Passive
Active Voice (কর্তৃবাচ্য) :- কর্তাই কামটো কৰে।
Example: –Ram eats a mango. (ৰামে এটা আম খায়।)
Passive Voice (কৰ্মবাচ্য):-কৰ্মটোৱে কামটো পাই।
Example:A mango is eaten by Ram.(এটা আম ৰামৰ দ্বাৰা খোৱা হয়।)
🔹 Structure (গঠন)
👉Passive Voice Formula:
👉Object + be verb + V³ (Past Participle) + by + Subject
📌Example:
She writes a letter. (Active)
A letter is written by her. (Passive)
🔸 Tense অনুযায়ী Passive Voice
1. Present Tense
👉Active: He plays football.
👉Passive: Football is played by him.
👉 Structure:
Object + is/am/are + V³
2. Past Tense
👉Active: He played football.
👉Passive: Football was played by him.
👉 Structure:
Object + was/were + V³
3. Future Tense
👉Active: He will play football.
👉Passive: Football will be played by him.
👉 Structure:
Object + will be + V³
🔹 Important Rules (গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিয়ম)
- Object নাই = Passive নাই
👉 Intransitive verb (য’ত object নাই) passive নহয়
Example: He sleeps. ❌ (Passive possible নহয়) - Verb সদায় V³ ৰূপত হব লাগে
👉 eat → eaten
👉 write → written - ‘by’ phrase optional
👉কেতিয়াবা কৰ্তা উল্লেখ নকৰিলেও চলে
Example:
The work is done. ✔️ - Pronoun change হয়
👉 I → me
👉 he → him
👉 she → her
🔸 More Examples
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Sita reads a book. | A book is read by Sita. |
| They clean the room. | The room is cleaned by them. |
| Raju wrote a letter. | A letter was written by Raju. |
📝 Practice Questions
Passive to Active
Examples
- Passive: A letter is written by Sita.
👉Active: Sita writes a letter.
- Passive: Football is played by them.
👉Active: They play football.
- Passive: A house was built by them.
👉Active: They built a house.
- Passive: The work will be done by him.
👉Active: He will do the work.
- Passive: The room is cleaned by us.
👉Active: We clean the room.
🔹 Important Rules
- by + subject নাই হলে →subject অনুমান কৰিব লাগে
👉 Example:
The work is done.
👉 Someone does the work. - Tense ঠিক ৰাখিব লাগে
👉 is written → writes
👉 was written → wrote
👉 will be written → will write - Pronoun change হয়
👉 him → he
👉 her → she
👉 them → they
📝 Practice (Passive → Active কৰক)
- A song is sung by her.
- The door was opened by Ram.
- A letter will be written by him.
- The work is done by them.
- Food was cooked by mother.
✅ Answer Key
- She sings a song.
- Ram opened the door.
- He will write a letter.
- They do the work.
- Mother cooked food.